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Thallium vs Darmstadtium

Thallium
Darmstadtium
Darmstadtium vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Ds  
Group Number
13  
5
10  
8
Period Number
6  
7  
Block
p block  
d block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Probably Transition  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
54083771  
8
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
166.00  
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
Darmstadtium is a synthetic element that is highly radioactive.  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung  
Discovery
In 1861  
In 1994  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Currently known uses of Darmstadtium metal are limited to research purpose only. As only few atoms of this metal are produced.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
-  
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
-  
Luster
-  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
350.00 MPa  
36
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
35
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
5,090.00 m/s  
13
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Ds  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.10  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.10  
31
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
1.10  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.10  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
955.20 kJ/mol  
5
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,891.10 kJ/mol  
16
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
3,029.60 kJ/mol  
25
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,955.90 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,113.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,700.00 kJ/mol  
12
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,630.00 kJ/mol  
40
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,180.00 kJ/mol  
29
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10,700.00 kJ/mol  
20
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,540.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,800.00 kJ/mol  
28
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,280.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
34,400.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
34,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,139.00 kJ/mol  
18
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,139.90 kJ/mol  
15
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
350.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
565.80 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
582.30 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
4
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
1,130.00 kJ/mol  
4
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
663.20 kJ/mol  
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
3.00 g/amp-hr  
21
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
110  
8
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
110  
8
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
161  
4
Number of Electrons
81  
35
110  
8
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
132.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
128.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
0.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
281.00 amu  
6
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
20.50 cm3/mol  
29
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Meitnerium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Roentgenium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
0.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
1.61  
19
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
35.00 g/cm3  
4
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
34.80 g/cm3  
5
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
33.00 GPa  
23
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
38.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.25  
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
34.80  
7
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
8.30 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
-  
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.30 J/mol·K  
23
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
12.90 µm/(m·K)  
38
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
348.90 kJ/mol  
34
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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