Symbol
Tl
Ga
Group Number
1313
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
64
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
p block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74402807440553
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmca
Space Group Number
194.0064.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
- Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
- A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
- Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
William Crookes
Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery
In 1861
In 1875
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
- In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
- Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
- Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Medical Research
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.08 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
303.50 °C29.78 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C2,403.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.201.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa56.80 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa111.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s2,740.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.901.81
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
8.00 %36.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Tl
Ga
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3224
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.621.81
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.252.42
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.82
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.962.01
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.791.76
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.382.19
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,979.30 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol2,963.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol6,180.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,780.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol57,800.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol5,787.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol578.80 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr0.87 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV4.20 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
8131
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
8131
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
12339
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
8131
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm135.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm122.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm187.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu69.72 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol11.80 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)69.70 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm451.97 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.601.30
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm35.91 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm36.10 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa41.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa7.20 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa37.30 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa9.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.450.47
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.855.91
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m270.00 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.07 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol28.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.37 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K25.86 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K40.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
577.00 K302.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)18.00 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol256.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol5.59 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol276.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K40.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻