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Thallium
Thallium

Protactinium
Protactinium



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Thallium
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Thallium vs Protactinium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Tl
Pa
1.2 Group Number
13NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
67
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
p block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Post-​Transition
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74402807440133
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.8 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
1.9 Space Group Number
194.00139.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
2.3 Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
2.5 History
2.5.1 Who Discovered
William Crookes
William Crookes
2.5.2 Discovery
In 1861
In 1900
2.6 Abundance
2.6.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %NA
Palladium
5E-09 0.11
2.6.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
3.4.2 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
3.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
3.4.6 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Tin
2E-23 1.1
3.4.8 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
4.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
NA
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Highly Toxic
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.4 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
4.2.6 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
303.50 °C1,568.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
6.2 Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C4,027.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
7.2 Appearance
7.2.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
7.2.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
7.2.3 Luster
NA
Metallic
7.3 Hardness
7.3.1 Mohs Hardness
1.20NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
7.4.1 Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
7.6.2 Vickers Hardness
NANA
Palladium
121 3430
7.7 Speed of Sound
818.00 m/sNA
Palladium
818 16200
7.8 Optical Properties
7.8.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
7.8.3 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
7.9 Allotropes
7.9.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.9.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.9.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
Tl
Pa
8.3 Isotopes
8.3.1 Known Isotopes
3227
Tennessine
0 38
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.621.50
Francium
0.7 2.54
8.5.3 Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
9.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.441.14
Cesium
0.86 1.82
9.3.2 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
9.3.4 Allen Electronegativity
1.79NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.382.50
Gold
1.46 3.3
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
9.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol1,128.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
9.5.4 3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol1,814.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
9.6.2 4th Energy Level
NA2,991.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
9.7.2 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
9.7.4 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
9.7.6 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
9.7.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
9.7.10 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
9.7.12 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
9.7.14 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
9.7.16 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
9.7.18 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
9.7.20 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
9.7.22 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
9.7.24 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
9.7.26 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
9.7.28 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
9.7.30 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
9.7.31 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
9.7.33 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
9.7.35 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
9.7.37 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
9.7.38 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
9.7.40 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
9.7.42 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
9.7.44 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
9.7.46 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
9.7.48 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
9.7.50 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr1.72 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
3.84 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
8191
Lithium
3 117
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
8191
Lithium
3 117
10.5.1 Number of Neutrons
123122
Lithium
4 184
10.6.1 Number of Electrons
8191
Lithium
3 117
11.2 Radius of an Atom
11.2.1 Atomic Radius
170.00 pm163.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
11.5.2 Covalent Radius
145.00 pm200.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
11.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm243.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
11.6 Atomic Weight
204.38 amu231.04 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
11.7 Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)92.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
11.11 Lattice Constant
345.66 pm392.50 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
11.13 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
11.14 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60NA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
12.2.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
12.5 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
12.7 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
12.10 Vapor Pressure
12.10.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
13.1.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
13.2 Elasticity properties
13.2.1 Shear Modulus
2.80 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
13.3.1 Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
13.5.2 Young's Modulus
8.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
13.6 Poisson Ratio
0.45NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
13.8 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile
Unknown
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.8515.37
Lithium
0.53 4500
14.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
14.1.5 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
14.2 Electrical Properties
14.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
14.2.2 Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m177.00 nΩ·m
Palladium
0.18 961
14.3.1 Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
15.1.2 Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/molNA
Mercury
0 222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
16.4 Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K47.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
16.5 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
16.6 Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)9.90 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
17.2 Enthalpy
17.2.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
17.3.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol12.34 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
17.4.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/molNA
Mercury
61.5 837
17.6 Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K198.10 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1