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Thallium vs Tin


Tin
Tin vs Thallium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Tl   
Sn   

Group Number
13   
5
14   
4

Period Number
6   
5   

Block
p block   
p block   

Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Post-​Transition   

CAS Number
7440280   
99+
7440315   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
I41/amd   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
141.00   
7

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  

Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
William Crookes   
Unknown   

Discovery
In 1861   
Before 3500 BC   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-9 %   
32
4 * 10-7 %   
20

Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %   
26
~0.0000009 %   
19

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
24

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
34

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
34
0.00 %   
26

Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
13

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  

Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry   

Medical Uses
Medical Research   
Dentistry   

Other Uses
Alloys   
NA   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
34
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3   
10

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
33
1.40 p.p.m.   
16

Physical Properties

Melting Point
303.50 °C   
99+
231.90 °C   
99+

Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C   
99+
2,270.00 °C   
99+

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
Silvery White   
Silvery White   

Luster
NA   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
1.20   
20
1.50   
18

Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa   
99+
50.00 MPa   
99+

Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s   
99+
2,730.00 m/s   
32

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
Yes   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
White Tin (Beta Tin)   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Tl   
Sn   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
32   
7
35   
4

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.62   
21
1.96   
8

Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25   
5
1.49   
15

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44   
17
1.72   
4

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96   
6
2.21   
3

Allen Electronegativity
1.79   
13
1.82   
11

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.38   
33
2.04   
99+

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol   
99+
708.60 kJ/mol   
33

2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol   
14
1,411.80 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol   
32
2,943.00 kJ/mol   
30

4th Energy Level
Not Available   
3,930.30 kJ/mol   
99+

5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,456.00 kJ/mol   
13

Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr   
2
1.11 g/amp-hr   
99+

Electron Work Function
3.84 eV   
28
4.42 eV   
16

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Ionization, Solubility   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
81   
35
50   
99+

Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Tetragonal (TETR)   

Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
81   
35
50   
99+

Number of Neutrons
123   
20
69   
99+

Number of Electrons
81   
35
50   
99+

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
140.00 pm   
38

Covalent Radius
145.00 pm   
39
139.00 pm   
99+

Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm   
30
217.00 pm   
23

Atomic Weight
204.38 amu   
31
118.71 amu   
99+

Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol   
31
16.30 cm3/mol   
32

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Mercury
  
Indium
  

Next Element
Lead
  
Cesium
  

Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)   
99+
83.50 (-eV)   
14

Lattice Constant
345.66 pm   
99+
583.18 pm   
7

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60   
6
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3   
31
7.37 g/cm3   
99+

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3   
13
6.99 g/cm3   
34

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)   
5
0.00 (Pa)   
17

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa   
99+
18.00 GPa   
36

Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa   
28
58.00 GPa   
20

Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa   
99+
50.00 GPa   
36

Poisson Ratio
0.45   
2
0.36   
8

Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile   
Ductile, Malleable   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
11.85   
22
7.31   
99+

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Diamagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   

Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m   
99+
115.00 nΩ·m   
28

Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω   
32
0.09 106/cm Ω   
23

Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol   
32
107.30 kJ/mol   
8

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)   
39
0.23 J/(kg K)   
28

Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K   
29
27.11 J/mol·K   
20

Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K   
33
66.80 W/m·K   
25

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)   
12
22.00 µm/(m·K)   
20

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol   
99+
290.40 kJ/mol   
32

Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol   
99+
7.03 kJ/mol   
99+

Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol   
99+
301.30 kJ/mol   
35

Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K   
19
51.20 J/mol.K   
29

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