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Thallium vs Tin

Thallium
Tin
Tin vs Thallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tl  
Sn  
Group Number
13  
5
14  
4
Period Number
6  
5  
Block
p block  
p block  
Element Family
Post-​Transition  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440280  
99+
7440315  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
I41/amd  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
141.00  
10
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Compounds of Thallium metal are highly Toxic.
  • Thallium metal is being suspected as a human carcinogen.
  
  • In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
  • Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
William Crookes  
-  
Discovery
In 1861  
Before 3500 BC  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
33
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
34
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
34
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
15
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thallium is a toxic metal and hence it has limited uses. Thallium metal is mostly used for producing photoelectric cells.
  • In thermometer’s mercury alloy has 8% of thallium, as it has a melting point lower than 20°C.
  
  • Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
  • Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
Dentistry  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.38 Blood/mg dm-3  
10
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
38
1.40 p.p.m.  
17
Physical
Melting Point
303.50 °C  
99+
231.90 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
1,457.00 °C  
99+
2,270.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silvery White  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.20  
21
1.50  
19
Brinell Hardness
26.50 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
120.00 MPa  
99+
50.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
818.00 m/s  
99+
2,730.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
2.40  
7
Reflectivity
8.00 %  
37
51.00 %  
30
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)  
β Allotropes
-  
White Tin (Beta Tin)  
γ Allotropes
-  
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Tl  
Sn  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32  
7
35  
4
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.62  
22
1.96  
9
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.25  
6
1.49  
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.44  
18
1.72  
5
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.96  
11
2.21  
5
Allen Electronegativity
1.79  
16
1.82  
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.38  
33
2.04  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
2nd Energy Level
1,971.00 kJ/mol  
14
1,411.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,878.00 kJ/mol  
32
2,943.00 kJ/mol  
30
4th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
17
3,930.30 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,456.00 kJ/mol  
21
6th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
39
8th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
35
9th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
32
10th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
36
11th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
34
12th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,080.00 kJ/mol  
31
14th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
37
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
99+
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
27
16th Energy Level
58,900.00 kJ/mol  
38
70,800.00 kJ/mol  
22
17th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
5,890.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,086.00 kJ/mol  
33
19th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
39
20th Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.00 kJ/mol  
33
21st Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
589.00 kJ/mol  
99+
708.00 kJ/mol  
27
23rd Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
26
25th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
28
26th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
27th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
28th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
32
29th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
33
30th Energy Level
589.40 kJ/mol  
99+
708.60 kJ/mol  
27
Electrochemical Equivalent
7.63 g/amp-hr  
2
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.84 eV  
39
4.42 eV  
22
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
81  
35
50  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1  
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Tetragonal (TETR)  
Crystal Lattice
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Tin.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
81  
35
50  
99+
Number of Neutrons
123  
21
69  
99+
Number of Electrons
81  
35
50  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
140.00 pm  
40
Covalent Radius
145.00 pm  
99+
139.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
196.00 pm  
37
217.00 pm  
29
Atomic Weight
204.38 amu  
31
118.71 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
17.20 cm3/mol  
99+
16.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Mercury
  
Indium
  
Next Element
Lead
  
Cesium
  
Valence Electron Potential
9.60 (-eV)  
99+
83.50 (-eV)  
14
Lattice Constant
345.66 pm  
99+
583.18 pm  
7
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.60  
23
0.68  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.85 g/cm3  
33
7.37 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.22 g/cm3  
33
6.99 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
47.00 MPa  
39
15.00 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
22
0.00  
15
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
16.90 (Pa)  
5
0.00 (Pa)  
18
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
38
0.00 (Pa)  
38
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
2.80 GPa  
99+
18.00 GPa  
99+
Bulk Modulus
43.00 GPa  
33
58.00 GPa  
21
Young's Modulus
8.00 GPa  
99+
50.00 GPa  
39
Poisson Ratio
0.45  
2
0.36  
8
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Sectile  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.85  
35
7.31  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
28
0.00  
30
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
0.18 nΩ·m  
99+
115.00 nΩ·m  
28
Electrical Conductivity
0.06 106/cm Ω  
37
0.09 106/cm Ω  
28
Electron Affinity
19.20 kJ/mol  
38
107.30 kJ/mol  
9
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
0.23 J/(kg K)  
28
Molar Heat Capacity
26.32 J/mol·K  
37
27.11 J/mol·K  
26
Thermal Conductivity
46.10 W/m·K  
33
66.80 W/m·K  
25
Critical Temperature
577.00 K  
99+
505.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
29.90 µm/(m·K)  
12
22.00 µm/(m·K)  
21
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
162.10 kJ/mol  
99+
290.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
4.27 kJ/mol  
99+
7.03 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
179.90 kJ/mol  
99+
301.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
64.20 J/mol.K  
20
51.20 J/mol.K  
40
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