Thorium Uranium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Th
U
Group Number
0
18
0
18
Period Number
7
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440326
99+
7440611
28
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Cmcm
Space Group Number
194.00
5
63.00
10
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
- Major mining countries of Uranium include Russia, Australia, Namibia, Canada and Niger and total 33% Uranium are mine in Kazakhstan.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Earth's crust, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Not Available
Discovery
In 1829
In 1789
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
2 * 10-8 %
29
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0000001 %
26
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %
11
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %
7
0.00 %
36
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
15
0.00 %
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
- The main use of this metal include nuclear fuel which is used to generate electricity yin nuclear power stations.
- Synthetic elements like transuranium are made from Uranium metal.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys, Jewellery, Nuclear Reactor's Fuel, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
Not Available
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C
17
1,132.00 °C
39
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C
8
3,818.00 °C
16
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
3.00
12
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa
29
2,350.00 MPa
2
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa
29
1,960.00 MPa
2
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s
36
3,155.00 m/s
25
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th
U
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
28
11
25
14
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.38
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.22
26
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.62
26
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
597.60 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,420.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,900.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
3,145.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
1.48 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV
32
3.63 eV
30
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90
28
92
26
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Orthorhombic (ORTH)
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Uranium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
90
28
92
26
Number of Neutrons
142
15
146
13
Number of Electrons
90
28
92
26
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm
15
156.00 pm
29
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm
7
196.00 pm
14
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm
15
186.00 pm
33
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu
23
238.03 amu
21
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol
20
12.59 cm3/mol
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)
23
170.00 (-eV)
4
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm
14
295.08 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3
32
19.10 g/cm3
17
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available
17.30 g/cm3
7
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)
22
0.01 (Pa)
20
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa
21
111.00 GPa
10
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa
22
100.00 GPa
16
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa
24
208.00 GPa
10
Poisson Ratio
0.27
20
0.23
30
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
11.70
23
18.80
10
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Poor Conductor
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m
22
0.28 nΩ·m
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
0.04 106/cm Ω
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K
30
27.67 J/mol·K
15
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K
28
27.50 W/m·K
40
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
13.90 µm/(m·K)
27
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
477.00 kJ/mol
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
489.50 kJ/mol
14
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
50.20 J/mol.K
31
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