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Thorium vs Beryllium

Thorium
Beryllium
Beryllium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Be  
Group Number
0  
18
2  
16
Period Number
7  
2  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440417  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1797  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
1 * 10-7 %  
23
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.00000001 %  
29
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
39
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
19
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
NA  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
32
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
0.00 p.p.m.  
32
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,278.00 °C  
36
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,970.00 °C  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
White Gray  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
5.50  
7
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
590.00 MPa  
21
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
1,670.00 MPa  
4
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
12,890.00 m/s  
2
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Be  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
9  
29
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.57  
24
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.81  
12
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
1.47  
14
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.54  
12
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available  
1.58  
23
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.43  
30
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
23
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
4.98 eV  
6
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
4  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[He] 2s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
4  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
5  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
4  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
112.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
96.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
153.00 pm  
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
9.01 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Lithium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Sodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
82.00 (-eV)  
15
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
228.58 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.57  
18
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available  
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
19
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
132.00 GPa  
7
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
130.00 GPa  
13
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
287.00 GPa  
7
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.03  
35
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
1.85  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Diamagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Semiconductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
Electron Affinity
Not Available  
0.00 kJ/mol  
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
200.00 W/m·K  
6
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
34
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
294.70 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
11.72 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
326.40 kJ/mol  
30
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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