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Beryllium vs Thorium

Beryllium
Thorium
Thorium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be  
Th  
Group Number
2  
16
0  
18
Period Number
2  
7  
Block
s block  
f block  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440417  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1797  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
29
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
35
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
39
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
35
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
37
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C  
36
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C  
33
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
White Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50  
7
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa  
25
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa  
9
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s  
2
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.56  
34
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
65.00 %  
18
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Be  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9  
29
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57  
25
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81  
15
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47  
15
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54  
24
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.58  
26
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43  
30
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
7
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol  
24
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol  
2
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol  
2
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
1,470.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
29,700.00 kJ/mol  
35
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
5
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
89,900.00 kJ/mol  
8
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
14
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,995.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol  
22
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
12
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
26
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
899.00 kJ/mol  
10
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
31
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
297.30 kJ/mol  
99+
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
2,970.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV  
10
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
4  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
5  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
4  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)  
15
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
287.00 MPa  
16
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
17
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
20
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa  
7
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa  
13
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa  
7
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.03  
36
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
12
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
11
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω  
5
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)  
2
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K  
6
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,551.00 K  
39
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol  
36
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol  
40
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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