Symbol
Be
  
Th
  
Period Number
2
  
7
  
Block
s block
  
f block
  
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
  
Actinide
  
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
  
P63/mmc
  
Interesting Facts
- Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
- Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
- It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
  
Found in Minerals, Mining
  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
  
Discovery
In 1797
  
In 1829
  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %
  
29
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Abundance In Humans
Not Available
  
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
- Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
-
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
  
Medical Uses
NA
  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
  
Other Uses
Alloys
  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic
  
Non Toxic
  
Present in Human Body
Yes
  
Yes
  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
32
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
  
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
  
32
0.02 p.p.m.
  
29
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C
  
36
1,750.00 °C
  
17
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C
  
32
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid
  
Solid
  
Color
White Gray
  
Silver
  
Luster
Metallic
  
NA
  
Hardness
  
  
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa
  
4
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s
  
2
2,490.00 m/s
  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No
  
No
  
α Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
β Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
γ Allotropes
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Chemical Formula
Be
  
Th
  
Isotopes
  
  
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available
  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol
  
7
587.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol
  
23
1,110.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol
  
2
1,978.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol
  
2
2,780.00 kJ/mol
  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr
  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
  
24
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
  
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100
  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
  
Atom
  
  
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol
  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)
  
15
59.30 (-eV)
  
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
π/2, π/2, π/2
  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
  
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3
  
99+
11.72 g/cm3
  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3
  
99+
Not Available
  
Tensile Strength
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Viscosity
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
  
Ductile
  
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
  
Paramagnetic
  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor
  
Superconductor
  
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m
  
99+
157.00 nΩ·m
  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω
  
5
0.07 106/cm Ω
  
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
  
40
Not Available
  
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)
  
2
0.12 J/(kg K)
  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K
  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K
  
30
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K
  
6
54.00 W/m·K
  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
  
Not Available
  
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)
  
34
11.00 µm/(m·K)
  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol
  
30
429.00 kJ/mol
  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol
  
30
15.48 kJ/mol
  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol
  
30
468.60 kJ/mol
  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K
  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
  
99+