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Beryllium vs Thorium


Thorium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table

Symbol
Be   
Th   

Group Number
2   
16
0   
18

Period Number
2   
7   

Block
s block   
f block   

Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Actinide   

CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440326   
99+

Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   

Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5

Facts

Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  

Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   

History
  
  

Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   

Discovery
In 1797   
In 1829   

Abundance
  
  

Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
3 * 10-4 %   
9

Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.0004 %   
9

Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11

Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
0.66 %   
7

Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
15

Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   

Uses

Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  

Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   

Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   

Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   

Biological Properties
  
  

Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   

Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   

In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33

In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
0.02 p.p.m.   
29

Physical Properties

Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
1,750.00 °C   
17

Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
4,790.00 °C   
8

Appearance
  
  

Physical State
Solid   
Solid   

Color
White Gray   
Silver   

Luster
Metallic   
NA   

Hardness
  
  

Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
3.00   
12

Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
390.00 MPa   
29

Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
295.00 MPa   
29

Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
2,490.00 m/s   
36

Optical Properties
  
  

Allotropes
No   
No   

α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula
Be   
Th   

Isotopes
  
  

Known Isotopes
9   
29
28   
11

Electronegativity
  
  

Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
1.30   
32

Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
Not Available   

Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.11   
29

Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   

Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
Not Available   

Electropositivity
  
  

Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
2.70   
22

Ionization Energies
  
  

1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+

2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+

3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+

4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+

Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24

Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
3.41 eV   
32

Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   

Atomic Properties

Atomic Number
4   
99+
90   
28

Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   

Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   

Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   

Atom
  
  

Number of Protons
4   
99+
90   
28

Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
142   
15

Number of Electrons
4   
99+
90   
28

Radius of an Atom
  
  

Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15

Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7

Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15

Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23

Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20

Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  

Previous Element
Lithium
  
Actinium
  

Next Element
Sodium
  

Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
59.30 (-eV)   
23

Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14

Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   

Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
Not Available   

Mechanical Properties

Density
  
  

Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32

Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   

Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   

Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure
  
  

Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   

Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22

Elasticity properties
  
  

Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
31.00 GPa   
21

Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
54.00 GPa   
22

Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
79.00 GPa   
24

Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.27   
20

Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   

Magnetic Properties

Magnetic Characteristics
  
  

Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
11.70   
23

Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   

Electrical Properties
  
  

Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Superconductor   

Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22

Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31

Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   

Thermal Properties

Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40

Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30

Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
54.00 W/m·K   
28

Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   

Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36

Enthalpy
  
  

Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
429.00 kJ/mol   
15

Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
15.48 kJ/mol   
19

Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
468.60 kJ/mol   
15

Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+

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