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Beryllium vs Thorium

Beryllium
Thorium
Thorium vs Beryllium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Be   
Th   
Group Number
2   
16
0   
18
Period Number
2   
7   
Block
s block   
f block   
Element Family
Alkaline Earth   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440417   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1797   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %   
23
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %   
29
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
35
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
39
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
19
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
32
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
32
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,278.00 °C   
36
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C   
32
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
White Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.50   
7
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPa   
21
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPa   
4
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/s   
2
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Be   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
9   
29
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.57   
24
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81   
12
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.47   
14
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54   
12
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.58   
23
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.43   
30
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol   
7
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol   
23
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol   
2
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol   
2
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.98 eV   
6
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
4   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Beryllium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
4   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
5   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
4   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
112.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
96.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
9.01 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lithium
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Sodium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)   
15
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
228.58 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
18
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
19
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa   
7
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa   
13
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa   
7
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.03   
35
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
1.85   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m   
99+
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm Ω   
5
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)   
2
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K   
6
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)   
34
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/mol   
30
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol   
30
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol   
30
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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