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Thorium vs Radium

Thorium
Radium
Radium vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Ra  
Group Number
0  
18
2  
16
Period Number
7  
7  
Block
f block  
s block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Alkaline Earth  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440144  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Im_ 3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
229.00  
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Radium metal is the heaviest metal of Alkaline earth metals column.
  • Radium metal is highly radioactive and does not have any stable isotopes.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Not Available  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Not Available  
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~-9999 %  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
Not Available  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is a highly radioactive metal; and sometime Radium-223 is used to treat prostate cancer.
  • It is used in luminous paints.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
NA  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
NA  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
Not Available  
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Not Available  
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
700.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
1,737.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
NA  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
12
Not Available  
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
29
Not Available  
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
29
Not Available  
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Not Available  
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th  
Ra  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
33  
6
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
0.90  
99+
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
29
0.97  
38
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available  
0.92  
20
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available  
0.89  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
3.10  
5
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
509.30 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
979.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Not Available  
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
4.22 g/amp-hr  
6
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
32
Not Available  
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90  
28
88  
30
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Rn] 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
88  
30
Number of Neutrons
142  
15
138  
16
Number of Electrons
90  
28
88  
30
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
15
Not Available  
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
221.00 pm  
3
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
15
283.00 pm  
4
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
226.00 amu  
26
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
45.20 cm3/mol  
4
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Francium
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Actinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
23
20.10 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
14
514.80 pm  
13
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
32
5.50 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Not Available  
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
21
Not Available  
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
22
Not Available  
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
24
Not Available  
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
Not Available  
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
NA  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
23
5.00  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
NA  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
100.00 nΩ·m  
31
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Not Available  
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
18.60 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Not Available  
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Not Available  
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Not Available  
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
163.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
71.00 J/mol.K  
14
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