Thorium

Calcium

Thorium vs Calcium

Thorium

Calcium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.5 Period Number

2 7

1.7 Block

f block

s block

1.8 Element Family

Actinide

Alkaline Earth

1.9 CAS Number

74403267440702

7429905 54386242

1.12 Space Group Name

P63/mmc

Fm_ 3m

1.13 Space Group Number

194.00225.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.

Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.

It is found in the compound state.

Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.

3.2 Sources

Found in Minerals, Mining

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Jöns Jakob Berzelius

Humphry Davy

3.3.2 Discovery

In 1829

In 1808

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

3 * 10^-4 %7 * 10^-3 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.3 Abundance In Sun

~0.0004 %~0.007 %

1E-08 0.1

3.5.1 Abundance In Meteorites

0.05 %1.10 %

1.7E-07 22

3.6.1 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.66 %5.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.7.2 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %0.00 %

2E-23 1.1

3.7.4 Abundance In Humans

NA1.40 %

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.2 Uses & Benefits

Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.

It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.

4.2.2 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

Chemical Industry

4.2.3 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

4.2.4 Other Uses

Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues

Alloys

4.3 Biological Properties

4.3.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

4.3.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

4.3.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-360.50 Blood/mg dm-3

0 1970

4.3.4 In Bone

0.02 p.p.m.170,000.00 p.p.m.

0 170000

5 Physical

5.1 Melting Point

1,750.00 °C839.00 °C

27 3410

5.2 Boiling Point

4,790.00 °C1,484.00 °C

147 5660

5.4 Appearance

5.4.1 Physical State

Solid

5.4.2 Color

Silver

Gray

5.4.3 Luster

5.5 Hardness

5.5.1 Mohs Hardness

3.001.75

0.2 8.5

6.1.2 Brinell Hardness

390.00 MPa170.00 MPa

0.14 3490

6.1.5 Vickers Hardness

295.00 MPaNA

121 3430

6.2 Speed of Sound

2,490.00 m/s3,810.00 m/s

818 16200

6.4 Optical Properties

6.4.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

6.4.3 Reflectivity

NANA

58 97

6.5 Allotropes

✔ ✘

6.5.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

6.5.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

6.5.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

7 Chemical

7.1 Chemical Formula

7.2 Isotopes

7.2.1 Known Isotopes

2819

0 38

7.3 Electronegativity

7.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.301.00

0.7 2.54

8.1.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

NA0.95

0.22 2.56

8.2.1 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.111.04

0.86 1.82

8.3.1 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NA1.08

0.62 2.48

8.4.1 Allen Electronegativity

NA1.03

0.659 2.7

8.6 Electropositivity

8.6.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.703.00

1.46 3.3

8.7 Ionization Energies

8.7.1 1st Energy Level

587.00 kJ/mol589.80 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

8.8.2 2nd Energy Level

1,110.00 kJ/mol1,145.40 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

8.8.4 3rd Energy Level

1,978.00 kJ/mol4,912.40 kJ/mol

1600 34230

8.8.5 4th Energy Level

2,780.00 kJ/mol6,491.00 kJ/mol

2780 37066

8.8.7 5th Energy Level

NA8,153.00 kJ/mol

4305.2 97510

8.8.8 6th Energy Level

NA10,496.00 kJ/mol

5715.8 105800

8.9.1 7th Energy level

NA12,270.00 kJ/mol

7226.8 114300

8.9.2 8th Energy Level

NA14,206.00 kJ/mol

8857.4 125300

8.9.3 9th Energy Level

NA18,191.00 kJ/mol

14110 134700

8.9.4 10th Energy Level

NA20,385.00 kJ/mol

17100 144300

8.9.5 11th Energy Level

NA57,110.00 kJ/mol

19900 169988

8.9.6 12th Energy Level

NA63,410.00 kJ/mol

22219 189368

8.9.7 13th Energy Level

NA70,110.00 kJ/mol

26930 76015

8.9.8 14th Energy Level

NA78,890.00 kJ/mol

29196 86450

8.9.9 15th Energy Level

NA86,310.00 kJ/mol

41987 97510

8.9.10 16th Energy Level

NA94,000.00 kJ/mol

47206 109480

8.9.11 17th Energy Level

NA104,900.00 kJ/mol

52737 122200

8.9.12 18th Energy Level

NA111,711.00 kJ/mol

58570 134810

8.9.13 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

8.9.14 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

8.9.15 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

8.9.16 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

8.9.17 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

8.9.18 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

8.9.19 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

8.9.20 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

8.9.21 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

8.9.22 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

8.9.23 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

8.9.24 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

8.10 Electrochemical Equivalent

2.16 g/amp-hr0.75 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

8.11 Electron Work Function

3.41 eV2.87 eV

2.14 5.65

8.12 Other Chemical Properties

Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

9 Atomic

9.1 Atomic Number

9020

3 117

9.2 Electron Configuration

[Rn] 6d² 7s²

[Ar] 4s²

9.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

9.3.1 Crystal Lattice

9.4 Atom

9.4.1 Number of Protons

9020

3 117

9.4.2 Number of Neutrons

14220

4 184

9.4.3 Number of Electrons

9020

3 117

9.5 Radius of an Atom

9.5.1 Atomic Radius

179.80 pm197.00 pm

112 265

9.5.2 Covalent Radius

206.00 pm176.00 pm

96 260

9.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

237.00 pm231.00 pm

139 348

9.6 Atomic Weight

232.04 amu40.08 amu

6.94 294

9.7 Atomic Volume

19.90 cm3/mol29.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

9.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

9.8.1 Previous Element

9.8.2 Next Element

9.9 Valence Electron Potential

59.30 (-eV)29.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

9.10 Lattice Constant

508.42 pm558.84 pm

228.58 891.25

9.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

9.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

10 Mechanical

10.1 Density

10.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

11.72 g/cm³1.55 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

10.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

NA1.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

10.2 Tensile Strength

NANA

2.5 11000

10.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

10.4 Vapor Pressure

10.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA25.50 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

10.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.00 (Pa)NA

2.62E-10 774

10.5 Elasticity properties

10.5.1 Shear Modulus

31.00 GPa7.40 GPa

1.3 222

10.5.2 Bulk Modulus

54.00 GPa17.00 GPa

1.6 462

10.5.3 Young's Modulus

79.00 GPa20.00 GPa

1.7 528

10.6 Poisson Ratio

0.270.31

0.032 0.47

10.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile

11 Magnetic

11.1 Magnetic Characteristics

11.1.1 Specific Gravity

11.704.58

0.53 4500

11.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

11.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

11.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

11.2 Electrical Properties

11.2.1 Electrical Property

Superconductor

Conductor

11.2.2 Resistivity

157.00 nΩ·m33.60 nΩ·m

0.18 961

11.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.07 10⁶/cm Ω0.30 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

11.2.4 Electron Affinity

NA2.37 kJ/mol

0 222.8

12 Thermal

12.1 Specific Heat

0.12 J/(kg K)0.63 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

12.2 Molar Heat Capacity

26.23 J/mol·K25.93 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

12.3 Thermal Conductivity

54.00 W/m·K201.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

12.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

12.5 Thermal Expansion

11.00 µm/(m·K)22.30 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

12.6 Enthalpy

12.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

429.00 kJ/mol150.00 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

12.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

15.48 kJ/mol8.54 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

12.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

468.60 kJ/mol184.00 kJ/mol

61.5 837

12.7 Standard Molar Entropy

27.30 J/mol.K41.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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