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Thorium
Thorium

Francium
Francium



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Thorium vs Francium

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1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Th
Fr
1.2 Group Number
01
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
77
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
s block
1.5 Element Family
Actinide
Alkali
1.6 CAS Number
74403267440735
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00NA
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  • 223 Francium has the longest half life at 21.8.
  • Francium metal is produced by alpha decay in 227Actinium 227.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Formed by Decay Process, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Marguerite Perey
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1829
In 1939
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  • Francium has no known uses as it has a half life of only 22 minutes.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
NA
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
NA
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,750.00 °C27.00 °C
Tin
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C677.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silver
NA
4.3.3 Luster
NA
NA
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
3.00NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Th
Fr
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
2833
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.300.70
Sodium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.110.86
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NA0.68
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NA0.67
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.703.30
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol380.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/molNA
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/molNA
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/molNA
Tin
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
1.2.1 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
1.2.2 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
1.3.1 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
1.6.1 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
1.8.1 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
2.4.2 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
2.4.4 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
2.4.6 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
2.4.8 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
2.4.10 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
2.4.12 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
3.2.4 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
3.2.6 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
4.1.1 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
4.2.1 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
4.2.2 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
4.4.2 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
4.4.3 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
4.4.4 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
4.4.6 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
4.4.7 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
4.4.8 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
4.4.9 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
4.4.11 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
4.4.12 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
4.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr8.32 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
4.7 Electron Work Function
3.41 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
4.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility
5 Atomic
5.1 Atomic Number
9087
Lithium
3 117
5.3 Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
[Rn] 7s1
5.4 Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
5.4.1 Crystal Lattice
5.5 Atom
5.5.1 Number of Protons
9087
Lithium
3 117
5.5.3 Number of Neutrons
142136
Lithium
4 184
6.2.2 Number of Electrons
9087
Lithium
3 117
6.3 Radius of an Atom
6.3.1 Atomic Radius
179.80 pmNA
Beryllium
112 265
6.4.2 Covalent Radius
206.00 pm260.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.4.4 Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm348.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.5 Atomic Weight
232.04 amu223.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.6 Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/molNA
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)8.00 (-eV)
Palladium
8 392.42
6.11 Lattice Constant
508.42 pmNA
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.12 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
NA
6.13 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm31.87 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.3 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
NANA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
NANA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.4 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
31.00 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.4 Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.6 Young's Modulus
79.00 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.27NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
11.70NA
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.4 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.6 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Superconductor
Poor Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m3.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω0.03 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.7 Electron Affinity
NANA
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)NA
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K15.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)NA
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.7.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/molNA
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.8.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol71.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
10.2 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.KNA
Beryllium
9.5 198.1