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Thorium vs Nickel

Thorium
Nickel
Nickel vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Ni   
Group Number
0   
18
10   
8
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440020   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Fm_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
225.00   
2
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1751   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
6 * 10-3 %   
4
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.008 %   
3
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
1.30 %   
3
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
15
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
13
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,453.00 °C   
31
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,732.00 °C   
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
4.00   
10
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
667.00 MPa   
18
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
638.00 MPa   
16
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
4,900.00 m/s   
12
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
72.00 %   
9
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Ni   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.91   
10
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.94   
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.75   
3
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.88   
6
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.09   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
5.15 eV   
2
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
28   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
28   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
31   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
28   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
124.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
124.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
163.00 pm   
40
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
58.69 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Cobalt
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Copper
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
352.40 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
345.00 MPa   
11
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
19.50 (Pa)   
6
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
76.00 GPa   
12
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
180.00 GPa   
9
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
200.00 GPa   
11
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
8.90   
33
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Ferromagnetic   
Permeability
Not Available   
0.00 H/m   
2
Susceptibility
Not Available   
600.00   
2
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
90.90 W/m·K   
18
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
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