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Nickel vs Thorium

Nickel
Thorium
Thorium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni   
Th   
Group Number
10   
8
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440020   
99+
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
225.00   
2
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1751   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
6 * 10-3 %   
4
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.008 %   
3
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %   
3
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
15
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
13
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
14
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3   
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C   
31
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C   
38
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00   
10
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa   
18
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa   
16
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s   
12
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
72.00 %   
9
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ni   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91   
10
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94   
10
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75   
3
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.88   
6
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol   
25
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol   
25
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol   
17
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol   
15
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol   
15
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol   
14
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV   
2
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
28   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
31   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
28   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm   
40
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3   
29
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa   
11
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
31
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)   
6
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa   
12
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa   
9
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa   
11
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.31   
13
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90   
33
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Permeability
0.00 H/m   
2
Not Available   
Susceptibility
600.00   
2
Not Available   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m   
39
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω   
13
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)   
13
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K   
31
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K   
18
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)   
28
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol   
20
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol   
14
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol   
17
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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