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Nickel vs Thorium

Nickel
Thorium
Thorium vs Nickel


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ni  
Th  
Group Number
10  
8
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440020  
99+
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
225.00  
3
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • After iron, Zinc metal the second most abundant element in the earth crust.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Axel Fredrik Cronstedt  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1751  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %  
5
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %  
3
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
1.30 %  
3
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %  
15
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
13
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has corrosion resistance and hence it is used to plate other metals.
  • Its alloys are very useful; Nichrome alloy is used in the hot coil of toasters and electric oven.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-3  
17
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.70 p.p.m.  
20
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,453.00 °C  
31
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,732.00 °C  
40
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
667.00 MPa  
20
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
638.00 MPa  
24
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,900.00 m/s  
16
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.68  
28
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
72.00 %  
11
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ni  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25  
14
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.91  
11
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.94  
12
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.75  
4
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.91  
12
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.88  
9
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.09  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
25
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,753.00 kJ/mol  
26
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,395.00 kJ/mol  
17
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,339.00 kJ/mol  
23
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol  
15
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,800.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
18,600.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
21,670.00 kJ/mol  
14
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
30,970.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
34,000.00 kJ/mol  
29
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
37,100.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
41,500.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
44,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
48,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
55,101.00 kJ/mol  
11
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
58,570.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
148,700.00 kJ/mol  
1
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
159,000.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
169,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
182,700.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
194,000.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
21
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
20
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
26
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
737.10 kJ/mol  
27
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
737.00 kJ/mol  
21
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
5.15 eV  
6
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
28  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d8 4s2 Or [Ar] 3d9 4s1  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Nickel.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
28  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
31  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
28  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
124.00 pm  
99+
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
163.00 pm  
99+
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
58.69 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
6.59 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Cobalt
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Copper
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
42.00 (-eV)  
99+
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
352.40 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.86  
4
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.91 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
7.81 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
345.00 MPa  
13
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
8
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
33
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
19.50 (Pa)  
6
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
76.00 GPa  
12
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
180.00 GPa  
9
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
200.00 GPa  
12
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.31  
13
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.90  
99+
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Ferromagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
2
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
600.00  
2
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
69.30 nΩ·m  
39
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
14
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
112.00 kJ/mol  
7
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.44 J/(kg K)  
13
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.07 J/mol·K  
39
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
90.90 W/m·K  
18
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,728.00 K  
35
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
13.40 µm/(m·K)  
34
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
371.80 kJ/mol  
29
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol  
14
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
422.60 kJ/mol  
22
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
29.90 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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