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Thorium vs Cobalt

Thorium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th  
Co  
Group Number
0  
18
9  
9
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440326  
99+
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1829  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %  
11
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %  
7
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
15
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C  
17
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C  
8
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa  
35
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa  
99+
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.60  
33
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
15.00 %  
36
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Th  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28  
11
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV  
99+
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
90  
28
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90  
28
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
142  
16
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
90  
28
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm  
17
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm  
7
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm  
19
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu  
23
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)  
24
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm  
16
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.10  
99+
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3  
34
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
11.72 g/cm3  
32
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
75.00 MPa  
30
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
23
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa  
25
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa  
23
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa  
26
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.27  
20
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70  
36
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K  
28
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,023.00 K  
20
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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