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Thorium vs Cobalt

Thorium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Co   
Group Number
0   
18
9   
9
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1829   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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