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Cobalt vs Thorium

Cobalt
Thorium
Thorium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Th  
Group Number
9  
9
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %  
9
3 * 10-4 %  
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %  
9
~0.0004 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
17
Not Available  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
33
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
27
0.02 p.p.m.  
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
34
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
3.00  
12
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
26
390.00 MPa  
29
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
11
295.00 MPa  
29
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
14
2,490.00 m/s  
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
11
Not Available  
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
12
1.30  
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
Not Available  
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
5
1.11  
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
10
Not Available  
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
31
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
19
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
Not Available  
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
Not Available  
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
Not Available  
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
Not Available  
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
12
Not Available  
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
11
Not Available  
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
Not Available  
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
Not Available  
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
Not Available  
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
Not Available  
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
Not Available  
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
Not Available  
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
24
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
5
3.41 eV  
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
142  
15
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
34
179.80 pm  
15
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
30
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
28
237.00 pm  
15
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
59.30 (-eV)  
23
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
Not Available  
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Not Available  
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
9
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
31.00 GPa  
21
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
54.00 GPa  
22
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
18
79.00 GPa  
24
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
11.70  
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
31
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
37
Not Available  
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.12 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
30
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
429.00 kJ/mol  
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
468.60 kJ/mol  
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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