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Cobalt vs Thorium

Cobalt
Thorium
Thorium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Th  
Group Number
9  
9
0  
18
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440326  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Jöns Jakob Berzelius  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1829  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.05 %  
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.66 %  
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Non Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
Yes  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
36
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.02 p.p.m.  
34
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
1,750.00 °C  
17
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
4,790.00 °C  
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
390.00 MPa  
35
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
295.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
2,490.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
15.00 %  
36
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Th  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
28  
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,110.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
1,978.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
2,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
38
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
58,700.00 kJ/mol  
39
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
5,870.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
587.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
587.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr  
28
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
3.41 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
90  
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Rn] 6d2 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
90  
28
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
142  
16
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
90  
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
179.80 pm  
17
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
206.00 pm  
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
237.00 pm  
19
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
232.04 amu  
23
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
19.90 cm3/mol  
32
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
59.30 (-eV)  
24
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
508.42 pm  
16
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.10  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
34
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
11.72 g/cm3  
32
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
75.00 MPa  
30
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
23
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
31.00 GPa  
25
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
54.00 GPa  
23
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
79.00 GPa  
26
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.27  
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
11.70  
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
Superconductor  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
157.00 nΩ·m  
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω  
36
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.23 J/mol·K  
38
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
54.00 W/m·K  
28
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
2,023.00 K  
20
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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