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Cobalt vs Thorium

Cobalt
Thorium
Thorium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co   
Th   
Group Number
9   
9
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440484   
38
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
In 1732   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %   
10
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
21
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
20
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
17
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C   
29
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C   
34
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00   
8
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa   
26
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa   
11
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s   
14
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
67.00 %   
11
Not Available   
Allotropes
Yes   
No   
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26   
13
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88   
12
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56   
1
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70   
5
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.84   
10
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12   
99+
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
Not Available   
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV   
5
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
26   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
22   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm   
34
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm   
28
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)   
10
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa   
9
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)   
14
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa   
17
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa   
15
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa   
18
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.32   
12
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00   
1
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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