Cobalt Thorium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Co
Th
Group Number
9
9
0
18
Period Number
4
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440484
38
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
- Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
- It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
In 1732
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %
9
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %
9
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %
10
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
21
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
20
0.00 %
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
17
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
- Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.
27
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C
29
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C
34
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.00
8
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa
26
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa
11
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s
14
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Reflectivity
67.00 %
11
Not Available
Allotropes
Yes
No
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt
Not Available
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Co
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
26
13
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88
12
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56
1
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70
5
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
1.84
10
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12
99+
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol
19
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol
31
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol
22
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol
19
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol
7
Not Available
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol
12
Not Available
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol
13
Not Available
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol
2
Not Available
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol
4
Not Available
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol
3
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV
5
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
22
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
22
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
26
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
22
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm
34
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)
10
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa
9
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)
14
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa
17
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa
15
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa
18
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.32
12
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4,500.00
1
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m
12
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol
37
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)
9
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K
99+
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K
99+
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)
99+
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol
15
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol
19
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol
15
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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