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Cobalt vs Californium

Cobalt
Californium
Californium vs Cobalt


Periodic Table
Symbol
Co  
Cf  
Group Number
9  
9
3  
15
Period Number
4  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440484  
38
7440713  
20
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Georg Brandt  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1732  
In 1950  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
10
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
9
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.06 %  
10
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
20
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
20
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Chemical Industry  
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,495.00 °C  
29
900.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,870.00 °C  
35
1,470.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
5.00  
8
3.00  
13
Brinell Hardness
470.00 MPa  
31
170.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,043.00 MPa  
18
1,800.00 MPa  
7
Speed of Sound
4,720.00 m/s  
18
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.50  
5
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
63.00 %  
20
Allotropes
Yes  
No  
α Allotropes
α-Cobalt  
-  
β Allotropes
β-Cobalt  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Co  
Cf  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
20  
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.88  
13
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.56  
1
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.70  
6
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.88  
14
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.84  
13
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.12  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
13th Energy Level
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
15th Energy Level
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
16th Energy Level
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
17th Energy Level
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
22nd Energy Level
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
23rd Energy Level
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
24th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
Electron Work Function
5.00 eV  
9
4.70 eV  
15
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
22  
99+
98  
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
22  
99+
98  
20
Number of Neutrons
26  
99+
153  
10
Number of Electrons
22  
99+
98  
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
147.00 pm  
36
186.00 pm  
11
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm  
32
186.00 pm  
21
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
47.87 amu  
99+
251.00 amu  
17
Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Iron
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Nickel
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)  
10
44.50 (-eV)  
39
Lattice Constant
295.08 pm  
99+
338.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.26  
99+
1.58  
34
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
15.10 g/cm3  
22
Tensile Strength
434.00 MPa  
10
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)  
14
0.00 (Pa)  
24
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa  
17
29.00 GPa  
29
Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa  
15
40.00 GPa  
38
Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa  
20
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.32  
12
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
Malleable, Sectile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4,500.00  
1
15.10  
24
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
8
Susceptibility
0.00  
3
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Poor Conductor  
-  
Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,768.00 K  
32
900.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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