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Californium vs Cobalt

Californium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Co   
Group Number
Not Available   
9   
9
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440484   
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Georg Brandt   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1732   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.06 %   
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
21
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
20
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
17
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3   
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
0.04 p.p.m.   
27
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
1,495.00 °C   
29
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
2,870.00 °C   
34
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
5.00   
8
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
470.00 MPa   
26
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
1,043.00 MPa   
11
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
4,720.00 m/s   
14
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
Yes   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
α-Cobalt   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
β-Cobalt   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Co   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
26   
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.88   
12
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.56   
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.70   
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.84   
10
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.12   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
760.40 kJ/mol   
19
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol   
31
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol   
22
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol   
19
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,670.00 kJ/mol   
12
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
9,840.00 kJ/mol   
12
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,440.00 kJ/mol   
11
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,230.00 kJ/mol   
12
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,959.00 kJ/mol   
13
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,570.00 kJ/mol   
7
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
32,400.00 kJ/mol   
8
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
36,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
39,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
42,800.00 kJ/mol   
12
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
49,396.00 kJ/mol   
11
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,737.00 kJ/mol   
13
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
134,810.00 kJ/mol   
1
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
145,170.00 kJ/mol   
2
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,700.00 kJ/mol   
4
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
167,400.00 kJ/mol   
4
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
178,100.00 kJ/mol   
3
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
189,300.00 kJ/mol   
3
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
1.10 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
5.00 eV   
5
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Ionization   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
22   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Ar] 3d2 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
22   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
26   
99+
Number of Electrons
98   
20
22   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
147.00 pm   
34
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
160.00 pm   
30
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
47.87 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
10.64 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
95.20 (-eV)   
10
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
295.08 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
4.51 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
4.11 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
434.00 MPa   
9
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.98 (Pa)   
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
44.00 GPa   
17
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
110.00 GPa   
15
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
116.00 GPa   
18
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.32   
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
4,500.00   
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Poor Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
420.00 nΩ·m   
12
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
7.60 kJ/mol   
37
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.52 J/(kg K)   
9
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
21.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
8.60 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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