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Californium vs Cobalt

Californium
Cobalt
Cobalt vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf  
Co  
Group Number
3  
15
9  
9
Period Number
7  
4  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440713  
20
7440484  
38
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • The main source of Cobalt is as a by-product of copper and nickel metal mining.
  • Cobalt metal can be obtained from other elements like Oxygen, Sulfur and Arsenic.
  • It s also used in electroplating process as it exhibits anti cession properties.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions  
Found in Compounds, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Georg Brandt  
Discovery
In 1950  
In 1732  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
38
0.00 %  
10
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.06 %  
10
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
20
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
20
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Its alloys with aluminum and nickel are used to make powerful magnets.
  • Few other alloys exhibit high-temperature strength and hence they are used in Turbines of Jet and Gas engine.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry  
Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Pharmaceutical Industry  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.04 Blood/mg dm-3  
18
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.04 p.p.m.  
32
Physical
Melting Point
900.00 °C  
99+
1,495.00 °C  
29
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C  
99+
2,870.00 °C  
35
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Gray  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00  
13
5.00  
8
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa  
99+
470.00 MPa  
31
Vickers Hardness
1,800.00 MPa  
7
1,043.00 MPa  
18
Speed of Sound
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
4,720.00 m/s  
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.50  
5
Reflectivity
63.00 %  
20
67.00 %  
16
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-Cobalt  
β Allotropes
-  
β-Cobalt  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cf  
Co  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20  
19
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.88  
13
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.56  
1
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.70  
6
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.88  
14
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
1.84  
13
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.12  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
19
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,648.00 kJ/mol  
32
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3,232.00 kJ/mol  
22
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,950.00 kJ/mol  
29
5th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,670.00 kJ/mol  
18
6th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9,840.00 kJ/mol  
18
7th Energy level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12,440.00 kJ/mol  
11
8th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15,230.00 kJ/mol  
12
9th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17,959.00 kJ/mol  
13
10th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26,570.00 kJ/mol  
7
11th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29,400.00 kJ/mol  
8
12th Energy Level
60,800.00 kJ/mol  
14
32,400.00 kJ/mol  
30
13th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
99+
36,600.00 kJ/mol  
8
14th Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
30
39,700.00 kJ/mol  
9
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
42,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
29
49,396.00 kJ/mol  
99+
17th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
52,737.00 kJ/mol  
13
18th Energy Level
6,085.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134,810.00 kJ/mol  
1
19th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
145,170.00 kJ/mol  
2
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
154,700.00 kJ/mol  
4
21st Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
16
167,400.00 kJ/mol  
4
22nd Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
39
178,100.00 kJ/mol  
3
23rd Energy Level
6,080.00 kJ/mol  
17
189,300.00 kJ/mol  
3
24th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
25th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
26th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
27th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
16
28th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
22
29th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
23
30th Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol  
99+
760.40 kJ/mol  
17
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr  
17
1.10 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.70 eV  
15
5.00 eV  
9
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Chemical Stability, Ionization  
Atomic
Atomic Number
98  
20
22  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2  
[Ar] 3d2 4s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cobalt.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98  
20
22  
99+
Number of Neutrons
153  
10
26  
99+
Number of Electrons
98  
20
22  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm  
11
147.00 pm  
36
Covalent Radius
186.00 pm  
21
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu  
17
47.87 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
15.10 cm3/mol  
99+
10.64 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Iron
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Nickel
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)  
39
95.20 (-eV)  
10
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm  
99+
295.08 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.26  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3  
21
4.51 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
15.10 g/cm3  
22
4.11 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
434.00 MPa  
10
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.98 (Pa)  
14
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
29.00 GPa  
29
44.00 GPa  
17
Bulk Modulus
40.00 GPa  
38
110.00 GPa  
15
Young's Modulus
0.00 GPa  
99+
116.00 GPa  
20
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.32  
12
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile  
Ductile  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10  
24
4,500.00  
1
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
8
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
3
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Poor Conductor  
Resistivity
6.20 nΩ·m  
99+
420.00 nΩ·m  
12
Electrical Conductivity
0.11 106/cm Ω  
23
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
97.00 kJ/mol  
12
7.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.52 J/(kg K)  
9
Molar Heat Capacity
26.70 J/mol·K  
33
25.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
21.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
900.00 K  
99+
1,768.00 K  
32
Thermal Expansion
11.70 µm/(m·K)  
99+
8.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
311.40 kJ/mol  
99+
429.00 kJ/mol  
20
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.10 kJ/mol  
21
15.48 kJ/mol  
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
-  
468.60 kJ/mol  
20
Standard Molar Entropy
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
27.30 J/mol.K  
99+
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