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Thorium vs Zinc

Thorium
Zinc
Zinc vs Thorium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Th   
Zn   
Group Number
0   
18
12   
6
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440326   
99+
7440666   
24
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Indian metallurgists   
Discovery
In 1829   
Before 1000 BCE   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %   
9
3 * 10-5 %   
11
Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %   
9
~0.0002 %   
10
Abundance In Meteorites
0.05 %   
11
0.02 %   
12
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.66 %   
7
0.01 %   
16
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
15
0.00 %   
10
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
6
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Highly Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
6
In Bone
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
170.00 p.p.m.   
6
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,750.00 °C   
17
419.58 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
4,790.00 °C   
8
907.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
2.50   
14
Brinell Hardness
390.00 MPa   
29
327.00 MPa   
32
Vickers Hardness
295.00 MPa   
29
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,490.00 m/s   
36
3,850.00 m/s   
18
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
Not Available   
1.00   
2
Reflectivity
Not Available   
80.00 %   
5
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Th   
Zn   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
28   
11
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.65   
19
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.23   
6
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.66   
7
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.65   
11
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.59   
22
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.35   
35
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
906.40 kJ/mol   
6
2nd Energy Level
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,733.30 kJ/mol   
27
3rd Energy Level
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,833.00 kJ/mol   
12
4th Energy Level
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5,731.00 kJ/mol   
11
5th Energy Level
Not Available   
7,970.00 kJ/mol   
9
6th Energy Level
Not Available   
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,900.00 kJ/mol   
9
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
16,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
19,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
23,000.00 kJ/mol   
10
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,990.00 kJ/mol   
11
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
40,490.00 kJ/mol   
5
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
43,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
47,300.00 kJ/mol   
8
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,300.00 kJ/mol   
9
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
59,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,300.00 kJ/mol   
10
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
171,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
179,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
1.22 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
3.41 eV   
32
4.33 eV   
17
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
90   
28
30   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2   
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
90   
28
30   
99+
Number of Neutrons
142   
15
35   
99+
Number of Electrons
90   
28
30   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
179.80 pm   
15
134.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
206.00 pm   
7
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
237.00 pm   
15
139.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
232.04 amu   
23
65.38 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
9.20 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Actinium
  
Copper
  
Next Element
Protactinium
  
Gallium
  
Valence Electron Potential
59.30 (-eV)   
23
38.90 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
508.42 pm   
14
266.49 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
11.72 g/cm3   
32
7.14 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.57 g/cm3   
37
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
31.00 GPa   
21
43.00 GPa   
18
Bulk Modulus
54.00 GPa   
22
70.00 GPa   
19
Young's Modulus
79.00 GPa   
24
108.00 GPa   
19
Poisson Ratio
0.27   
20
0.25   
24
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
11.70   
23
6.90   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Superconductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
59.00 nΩ·m   
40
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
0.17 106/cm Ω   
12
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
0.39 J/(kg K)   
14
Molar Heat Capacity
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
25.47 J/mol·K   
39
Thermal Conductivity
54.00 W/m·K   
28
116.00 W/m·K   
14
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
30.20 µm/(m·K)   
11
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
129.70 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
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