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Zinc vs Thorium

Zinc
Thorium
Thorium vs Zinc


Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn   
Th   
Group Number
12   
6
0   
18
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
d block   
f block   
Element Family
Transition Metal   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440666   
24
7440326   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
  • The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
  • Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists   
Jöns Jakob Berzelius   
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE   
In 1829   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %   
11
3 * 10-4 %   
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %   
10
~0.0004 %   
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %   
12
0.05 %   
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
16
0.66 %   
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
10
0.00 %   
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %   
6
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
  • It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
  
  • Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
  • compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry   
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
33
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.   
6
0.02 p.p.m.   
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C   
99+
1,750.00 °C   
17
Boiling Point
907.00 °C   
99+
4,790.00 °C   
8
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa   
32
390.00 MPa   
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
295.00 MPa   
29
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s   
18
2,490.00 m/s   
36
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.00   
2
Not Available   
Reflectivity
80.00 %   
5
Not Available   
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn   
Th   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
25   
14
28   
11
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65   
19
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23   
6
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66   
7
1.11   
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65   
11
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.59   
22
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35   
35
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol   
6
587.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol   
27
1,110.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol   
12
1,978.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol   
11
2,780.00 kJ/mol   
99+
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol   
5
Not Available   
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol   
6
Not Available   
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol   
8
Not Available   
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol   
9
Not Available   
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol   
11
Not Available   
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol   
10
Not Available   
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr   
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr   
24
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV   
17
3.41 eV   
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30   
99+
90   
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2   
[Rn] 6d2 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100   
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
30   
99+
90   
28
Number of Neutrons
35   
99+
142   
15
Number of Electrons
30   
99+
90   
28
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm   
99+
179.80 pm   
15
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
206.00 pm   
7
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm   
99+
237.00 pm   
15
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu   
99+
232.04 amu   
23
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol   
99+
19.90 cm3/mol   
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Copper
  
Actinium
  
Next Element
Gallium
  
Protactinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)   
99+
59.30 (-eV)   
23
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm   
99+
508.42 pm   
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3   
99+
11.72 g/cm3   
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3   
37
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
22
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa   
18
31.00 GPa   
21
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa   
19
54.00 GPa   
22
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa   
19
79.00 GPa   
24
Poisson Ratio
0.25   
24
0.27   
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.90   
99+
11.70   
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Superconductor   
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m   
40
157.00 nΩ·m   
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω   
12
0.07 106/cm Ω   
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)   
14
0.12 J/(kg K)   
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K   
39
26.23 J/mol·K   
30
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K   
14
54.00 W/m·K   
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)   
11
11.00 µm/(m·K)   
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
429.00 kJ/mol   
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol   
99+
15.48 kJ/mol   
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol   
99+
468.60 kJ/mol   
15
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K   
36
27.30 J/mol.K   
99+
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