Zinc vs Thorium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Zn
Th
Group Number
12
6
0
18
Period Number
4
7
Block
d block
f block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Actinide
CAS Number
7440666
24
7440326
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Zinc metal found (obtain) in many forms like granules, foil, dust and in a powder form.
- The leading producers of Zinc metal are Australia, Canada, China, U.S.A and Peru.
- Thorium metal is used as an alternate option over Uranium for nuclear fuel.
- Thorium metals appearance (silvery white, soft) is somewhat similar to Lead metal.
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Indian metallurgists
Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Discovery
Before 1000 BCE
In 1829
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-5 %
11
3 * 10-4 %
9
Abundance In Sun
~0.0002 %
10
~0.0004 %
9
Abundance In Meteorites
0.02 %
12
0.05 %
11
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %
16
0.66 %
7
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
10
0.00 %
15
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %
6
Not Available
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- It is mainly used for Galvanizing other metals.
- It is also used for manufacturing die-casting and it is very essential for automobile industry.
- Thorium metal is used as an allying agent for Magnesium, It imparts greater strength and resistance to temperature.
- compound of this metal Thorium oxide is used as an industrial catalyst.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
7.00 Blood/mg dm-3
6
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
33
In Bone
170.00 p.p.m.
6
0.02 p.p.m.
29
Physical Properties
Melting Point
419.58 °C
99+
1,750.00 °C
17
Boiling Point
907.00 °C
99+
4,790.00 °C
8
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
NA
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
2.50
14
3.00
12
Brinell Hardness
327.00 MPa
32
390.00 MPa
29
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
295.00 MPa
29
Speed of Sound
3,850.00 m/s
18
2,490.00 m/s
36
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.00
2
Not Available
Reflectivity
80.00 %
5
Not Available
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Zn
Th
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
25
14
28
11
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.65
19
1.30
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.23
6
Not Available
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.66
7
1.11
29
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.65
11
Not Available
Allen Electronegativity
1.59
22
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.35
35
2.70
22
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
906.40 kJ/mol
6
587.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,733.30 kJ/mol
27
1,110.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,833.00 kJ/mol
12
1,978.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,731.00 kJ/mol
11
2,780.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,970.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
6th Energy Level
10,400.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
7th Energy level
12,900.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
8th Energy Level
16,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
9th Energy Level
19,600.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
10th Energy Level
23,000.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
11th Energy Level
26,400.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
12th Energy Level
29,990.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
13th Energy Level
40,490.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
14th Energy Level
43,800.00 kJ/mol
6
Not Available
15th Energy Level
47,300.00 kJ/mol
8
Not Available
16th Energy Level
52,300.00 kJ/mol
9
Not Available
17th Energy Level
55,900.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
18th Energy Level
59,700.00 kJ/mol
11
Not Available
19th Energy Level
67,300.00 kJ/mol
10
Not Available
20th Energy Level
171,200.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
21st Energy Level
179,100.00 kJ/mol
1
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.22 g/amp-hr
99+
2.16 g/amp-hr
24
Electron Work Function
4.33 eV
17
3.41 eV
32
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Chemical Stability, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
30
99+
90
28
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2
[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Zinc.jpg#100
FCC-Crystal-Structure-of-Thorium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
30
99+
90
28
Number of Neutrons
35
99+
142
15
Number of Electrons
30
99+
90
28
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm
99+
179.80 pm
15
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm
99+
206.00 pm
7
Van der Waals Radius
139.00 pm
99+
237.00 pm
15
Atomic Weight
65.38 amu
99+
232.04 amu
23
Atomic Volume
9.20 cm3/mol
99+
19.90 cm3/mol
20
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
38.90 (-eV)
99+
59.30 (-eV)
23
Lattice Constant
266.49 pm
99+
508.42 pm
14
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.14 g/cm3
99+
11.72 g/cm3
32
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.57 g/cm3
37
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available
0.00 (Pa)
22
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
43.00 GPa
18
31.00 GPa
21
Bulk Modulus
70.00 GPa
19
54.00 GPa
22
Young's Modulus
108.00 GPa
19
79.00 GPa
24
Poisson Ratio
0.25
24
0.27
20
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.90
99+
11.70
23
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Superconductor
Resistivity
59.00 nΩ·m
40
157.00 nΩ·m
22
Electrical Conductivity
0.17 106/cm Ω
12
0.07 106/cm Ω
31
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol
40
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.39 J/(kg K)
14
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
25.47 J/mol·K
39
26.23 J/mol·K
30
Thermal Conductivity
116.00 W/m·K
14
54.00 W/m·K
28
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
30.20 µm/(m·K)
11
11.00 µm/(m·K)
36
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
429.00 kJ/mol
15
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.32 kJ/mol
99+
15.48 kJ/mol
19
Enthalpy of Atomization
129.70 kJ/mol
99+
468.60 kJ/mol
15
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K
36
27.30 J/mol.K
99+
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