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Thulium vs Cadmium

Thulium
Cadmium
Cadmium vs Thulium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm   
Cd   
Group Number
Not Available   
12   
6
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440304   
99+
7440439   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve   
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer   
Discovery
In 1879   
In 1817   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %   
30
2 * 10-7 %   
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %   
28
~0.0000006 %   
21
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
31
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
99+
0.00 %   
28
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
11
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
Not Available   
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3   
24
In Bone
Not Available   
1.80 p.p.m.   
15
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C   
23
320.90 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C   
99+
765.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery Gray   
Silvery Bluish-Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
Not Available   
2.00   
16
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa   
25
203.00 MPa   
39
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa   
21
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,310.00 m/s   
39
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
67.00 %   
11
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm   
Cd   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
32   
7
34   
5
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25   
35
1.69   
17
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.98   
9
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11   
29
1.46   
15
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.53   
13
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.52   
27
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75   
19
2.31   
37
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
867.80 kJ/mol   
11
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,631.40 kJ/mol   
32
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3,616.00 kJ/mol   
13
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Not Available   
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
2.10 g/amp-hr   
27
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.22 eV   
22
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69   
99+
48   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
[Kr] 4d10 5s2   
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
69   
99+
48   
99+
Number of Neutrons
100   
32
64   
99+
Number of Electrons
69   
99+
48   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm   
18
151.00 pm   
32
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm   
30
144.00 pm   
40
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
158.00 pm   
99+
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu   
99+
112.41 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
13.10 cm3/mol   
39
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Erbium
  
Silver
  
Next Element
Ytterbium
  
Indium
  
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)   
28
30.00 (-eV)   
99+
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm   
40
297.94 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57   
17
1.89   
1
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3   
40
8.65 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3   
24
8.00 g/cm3   
28
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
62.00 MPa   
16
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa   
22
19.00 GPa   
35
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa   
26
42.00 GPa   
29
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa   
27
50.00 GPa   
36
Poisson Ratio
0.21   
31
0.30   
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
9.32   
31
8.65   
36
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
72.70 nΩ·m   
36
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.14 106/cm Ω   
15
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
0.00 kJ/mol   
40
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
0.23 J/(kg K)   
26
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
26.02 J/mol·K   
32
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
96.60 W/m·K   
16
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
30.80 µm/(m·K)   
10
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
100.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
6.19 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
113.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
51.80 J/mol.K   
27
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