Symbol
Sn
Gd
Group Number
140
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
56
2
7
👆🏻
Block
p block
f block
Element Family
Post-Transition
Lanthanide
CAS Number
74403157440542
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
I41/amd
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
141.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- In the list of most abundant element Tin is ranked 49th.
- Tin metal does not react with water as well as does not corrode in it.
- Gadolinium is not found free in nature, hence it is not a native metal.
- Gadolinium metal found in minerals like Monazite and Bastnaesite.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
-
Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Discovery
Before 3500 BC
In 1880
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Tin-niobium alloy is used for producing superconducting magnets.
-
Tin salt known as a tin II chloride, it is used as a mordant and as a reducing agent for dyeing calico and silk.
- Its alloys are also used in making Magnets, electronic components and Data storage devices.
- Compound of Gadolinium metal are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Industrial Uses
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Food Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry
-
Other Uses
-
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Non Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.38 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
1.40 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
231.90 °C1,311.00 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
2,270.00 °C3,233.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.504.50
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
50.00 MPa700.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
50.00 MPa510.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
2,730.00 m/s2,680.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.401.97
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
51.00 %59.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
Grey Tin (alpha Tin, Tin Pest)
-
β Allotropes
White Tin (Beta Tin)
-
γ Allotropes
Rhombic Tin (gamma Tin)
-
Chemical Formula
Sn
Gd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
3526
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.961.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.491.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.721.11
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.211.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.821.20
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.042.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,411.80 kJ/mol1,170.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,943.00 kJ/mol1,990.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,930.30 kJ/mol4,250.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,456.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
7,080.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
70,800.00 kJ/mol59,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol594.10 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
7,086.00 kJ/mol5,930.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol594.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
708.00 kJ/mol593.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
708.60 kJ/mol593.40 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr1.96 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.42 eV3.10 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Atomic Number
5064
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Crystal Structure
Tetragonal (TETR)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
5064
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
6993
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
5064
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
140.00 pm180.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
139.00 pm196.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
217.00 pm237.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
118.71 amu47.87 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
16.30 cm3/mol19.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
83.50 (-eV)46.10 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
583.18 pm363.60 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
0.681.59
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
7.37 g/cm37.90 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm37.40 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
15.00 MPa158.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)7.39 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
18.00 GPa21.80 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
58.00 GPa37.90 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa54.80 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.360.26
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
7.317.90
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Ferromagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Superconductor
Conductor
Resistivity
115.00 nΩ·m1.31 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.09 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
107.30 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
27.11 J/mol·K37.03 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
66.80 W/m·K10.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
505.00 K1,585.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
22.00 µm/(m·K)9.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
290.40 kJ/mol359.40 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
7.03 kJ/mol10.05 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
301.30 kJ/mol352.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
51.20 J/mol.K68.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻