1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74403267440451
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- The only metal which burns in Nitrogen is Titanium.
- Titanium is also known as corrosion resistant metal.
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
W. Gregor & J. Berzelius
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
3 * 10-4 %1 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0004 %~0.0000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its alloys are used in spacecraft, aircraft and ammunition industry.
- Its pipes are used in distillation plants, submarines, hulls of big ships, etc.
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Dentistry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Medical Research
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Jewellery, Sculptures, Statues
Alloys
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Non Toxic
Moderately Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.05 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,660.00 °C795.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,287.00 °C3,257.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Silvery Gray-White
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
716.00 MPa186.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
830.00 MPa210.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
5,090.00 m/s2,100.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
658.80 kJ/mol534.40 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,309.80 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,652.50 kJ/mol1,949.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,174.60 kJ/mol3,547.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
9,581.00 kJ/mol6,325.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
11,533.00 kJ/mol7,490.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
13,590.00 kJ/molNA
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
16,440.00 kJ/molNA
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
18,530.00 kJ/molNA
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
20,833.00 kJ/molNA
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
25,575.00 kJ/molNA
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
28,125.00 kJ/molNA
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
76,015.00 kJ/molNA
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
83,280.00 kJ/molNA
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
90,880.00 kJ/molNA
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
100,700.00 kJ/molNA
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
109,100.00 kJ/molNA
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
117,800.00 kJ/molNA
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
129,900.00 kJ/molNA
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
137,530.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.45 g/amp-hr1.74 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Ionization
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d2 4s2
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
147.00 pm181.80 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
160.00 pm204.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm235.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
47.87 amu140.12 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
10.64 cm3/mol20.67 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
95.20 (-eV)41.78 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
295.08 pm362.00 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
4.51 g/cm36.77 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.11 g/cm36.55 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.98 (Pa)1.04 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
44.00 GPa13.50 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
110.00 GPa21.50 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
116.00 GPa33.60 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
420.00 nΩ·m828.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
7.60 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.52 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
25.06 J/mol·K26.94 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
21.90 W/m·K11.30 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.60 µm/(m·K)6.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
429.00 kJ/mol414.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
15.48 kJ/mol5.46 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
468.60 kJ/mol381.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
27.30 J/mol.K72.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1