1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74406227440202
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
- Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
2.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Andrés Manuel del Río
Lars Fredrik Nilson
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-4 %3 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00004 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
-
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,890.00 °C1,539.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,380.00 °C2,832.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
Blue-Silver Grey
Silvery White
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
600.00 MPa750.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
4.5 Speed of Sound
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
650.90 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,414.00 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
2,830.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
4,507.00 kJ/mol7,090.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,298.70 kJ/mol8,843.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
12,363.00 kJ/mol10,679.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
14,530.00 kJ/mol13,310.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
16,730.00 kJ/mol15,250.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
19,860.00 kJ/mol17,370.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
22,240.00 kJ/mol21,726.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
24,670.00 kJ/mol24,102.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
29,730.00 kJ/mol66,320.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
32,446.00 kJ/mol73,010.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
86,450.00 kJ/mol80,160.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
94,170.00 kJ/mol89,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
102,300.00 kJ/mol97,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
112,700.00 kJ/mol105,600.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
121,600.00 kJ/mol117,000.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
130,700.00 kJ/mol124,270.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
143,400.00 kJ/molNA
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
151,440.00 kJ/molNA
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.38 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d3 4s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
134.00 pm162.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
153.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm211.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
50.94 amu44.96 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
8.78 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
120.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
303.00 pm330.90 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.00 g/cm32.99 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.50 g/cm32.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.23 (Pa)91.30 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
47.00 GPa29.10 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
160.00 GPa56.60 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
128.00 GPa74.40 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
197.00 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.05 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.60 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.49 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
24.89 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
30.70 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
8.40 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
458.60 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
17.57 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
514.60 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
28.90 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1