Vanadium

Palladium

Vanadium vs Palladium

Vanadium

Palladium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

510

0 17

1.3 Period Number

2 7

1.4 Block

d block

1.5 Element Family

Transition Metal

1.6 CAS Number

74406227440053

7429905 54386242

1.7 Space Group Name

Im_ 3m

Fm_ 3m

1.8 Space Group Number

229.00225.00

11 229

2 Facts

2.1 Interesting Facts

Vanadium is a highly reactive metal, hence it is not found free in nature.
Vanadium can be found in almost 65 different types of minerals.

Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)

In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.

Palladium element is known as a good catalyst

2.2 Sources

Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Ores of metals

2.3 History

2.3.1 Who Discovered

Andrés Manuel del Río

William Hyde Wollaston

2.3.2 Discovery

In 1801

In 1803

2.4 Abundance

2.4.1 Abundance In Universe

1 * 10^-4 %2 * 10^-7 %

5E-09 0.11

2.4.2 Abundance In Sun

~0.00004 %~0.0000003 %

1E-08 0.1

2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites

0.01 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust

0.02 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

2.4.6 Abundance In Humans

0.00 %NA

1E-13 1.4

3 Uses

3.1 Uses & Benefits

Its ally with steel is used very tough and hence it is used in armor plates, axles, piston rods, tools and crankshafts.
Its oxide is used as pigments for glass and ceramics.

Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.

3.1.1 Industrial Uses

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry

3.1.2 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing

3.1.3 Other Uses

Alloys

Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery

3.2 Biological Properties

3.2.1 Toxicity

Toxic

3.2.2 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

3.2.3 In Blood

0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

3.2.4 In Bone

0.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

4 Physical

4.1 Melting Point

1,890.00 °C1,554.90 °C

27 3410

4.2 Boiling Point

3,380.00 °C2,963.00 °C

147 5660

4.3 Appearance

4.3.1 Physical State

Solid

4.3.2 Color

Blue-Silver Grey

Silver

4.3.3 Luster

Metallic

4.4 Hardness

4.4.1 Mohs Hardness

6.704.75

0.2 8.5

4.4.2 Brinell Hardness

600.00 MPa320.00 MPa

0.14 3490

4.4.3 Vickers Hardness

628.00 MPa121.00 MPa

121 3430

4.5 Speed of Sound

4,560.00 m/s3,070.00 m/s

818 16200

4.6 Optical Properties

4.6.1 Refractive Index

NA1.72

1.000933 1.7229

4.6.2 Reflectivity

61.00 %84.00 %

58 97

4.7 Allotropes

✔ ✘

4.7.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

4.7.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

5 Chemical

5.1 Chemical Formula

5.2 Isotopes

5.2.1 Known Isotopes

2238

0 38

5.3 Electronegativity

5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.632.20

0.7 2.54

5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity

1.39NA

0.22 2.56

5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.451.35

0.86 1.82

5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

NANA

0.62 2.48

5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity

1.531.59

0.659 2.7

5.4 Electropositivity

5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity

2.371.80

1.46 3.3

5.5 Ionization Energies

5.5.1 1st Energy Level

650.90 kJ/mol520.23 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

5.5.2 2nd Energy Level

1,414.00 kJ/mol7,298.22 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

5.5.3 3rd Energy Level

2,830.00 kJ/mol11,815.13 kJ/mol

1600 34230

5.5.4 4th Energy Level

4,507.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

5.5.5 5th Energy Level

6,298.70 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

5.5.6 6th Energy Level

12,363.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

5.5.7 7th Energy level

14,530.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

5.5.8 8th Energy Level

16,730.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

5.5.9 9th Energy Level

19,860.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

5.5.10 10th Energy Level

22,240.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

5.5.11 11th Energy Level

24,670.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

5.5.12 12th Energy Level

29,730.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

5.5.13 13th Energy Level

32,446.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

5.5.14 14th Energy Level

86,450.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

5.5.15 15th Energy Level

94,170.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

5.5.16 16th Energy Level

102,300.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

5.5.17 17th Energy Level

112,700.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

5.5.18 18th Energy Level

121,600.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

5.5.19 19th Energy Level

130,700.00 kJ/molNA

64702 148700

5.5.20 20th Energy Level

143,400.00 kJ/molNA

80400 171200

5.5.21 21st Energy Level

151,440.00 kJ/molNA

87000 179100

5.5.22 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

5.5.23 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

5.5.24 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

5.5.25 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

5.5.26 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

5.5.27 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

5.5.28 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

5.5.29 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

5.5.30 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.38 g/amp-hr1.99 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

5.7 Electron Work Function

4.30 eV5.12 eV

2.14 5.65

5.8 Other Chemical Properties

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility

6 Atomic

6.1 Atomic Number

2346

3 117

6.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 3d³ 4s²

[Kr] 4d¹⁰

6.3 Crystal Structure

Body Centered Cubic (BCC)

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

6.3.1 Crystal Lattice

6.4 Atom

6.4.1 Number of Protons

2346

3 117

6.4.2 Number of Neutrons

2860

4 184

6.4.3 Number of Electrons

2346

3 117

6.5 Radius of an Atom

6.5.1 Atomic Radius

134.00 pm137.00 pm

112 265

6.5.2 Covalent Radius

153.00 pm139.00 pm

96 260

6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius

200.00 pm163.00 pm

139 348

6.6 Atomic Weight

50.94 amu106.42 amu

6.94 294

6.7 Atomic Volume

8.78 cm3/mol8.90 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

6.8.1 Previous Element

6.8.2 Next Element

6.9 Valence Electron Potential

120.00 (-eV)33.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

6.10 Lattice Constant

303.00 pm389.07 pm

228.58 891.25

6.11 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

7 Mechanical

7.1 Density

7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

6.00 g/cm³12.02 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

5.50 g/cm310.38 g/cm3

0.512 20

7.2 Tensile Strength

800.00 MPaNA

2.5 11000

7.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

7.4 Vapor Pressure

7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

NA0.00 (Pa)

2.47E-11 121

7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

0.23 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

7.5 Elasticity properties

7.5.1 Shear Modulus

47.00 GPa44.00 GPa

1.3 222

7.5.2 Bulk Modulus

160.00 GPa180.00 GPa

1.6 462

7.5.3 Young's Modulus

128.00 GPa121.00 GPa

1.7 528

7.6 Poisson Ratio

0.370.39

0.032 0.47

7.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Ductile, Malleable

Ductile, Malleable, Weldable

8 Magnetic

8.1 Magnetic Characteristics

8.1.1 Specific Gravity

5.9612.02

0.53 4500

8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Paramagnetic

Diamagnetic

8.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

8.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

8.2 Electrical Properties

8.2.1 Electrical Property

Superconductor

Conductor

8.2.2 Resistivity

197.00 nΩ·m105.40 nΩ·m

0.18 961

8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.05 10⁶/cm Ω0.10 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

8.2.4 Electron Affinity

50.60 kJ/mol54.23 kJ/mol

0 222.8

9 Thermal

9.1 Specific Heat

0.49 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

9.2 Molar Heat Capacity

24.89 J/mol·K25.98 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

9.3 Thermal Conductivity

30.70 W/m·K71.80 W/m·K

6.3 429

9.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

9.5 Thermal Expansion

8.40 µm/(m·K)11.80 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

9.6 Enthalpy

9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

458.60 kJ/mol376.60 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

17.57 kJ/mol16.74 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

514.60 kJ/mol393.30 kJ/mol

61.5 837

9.7 Standard Molar Entropy

28.90 J/mol.K37.60 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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