Yttrium Niobium Comparison
Periodic Table
Symbol
Y
Nb
Group Number
3
15
5
13
Period Number
5
5
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
7440655
25
7440031
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Im_ 3m
Space Group Number
194.00
5
229.00
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Niobium metal was used to get called Columbium in past.
- Niobium metal found freely in nature (abundance).
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
By-product of Tin Extraction, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Charles Hatchett
Discovery
In 1794
In 1801
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
7 * 10-7 %
17
2 * 10-7 %
22
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000001 %
26
~0.0000004 %
23
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
21
0.00 %
35
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
22
0.00 %
25
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
25
0.00 %
34
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
- It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- Niobium alloys are used in jet engines and rockets and spacecraft, beams and girders for buildings and oil and gas pipelines.
- It is used superconducting magnets in particles accelerators, NMR and MRI equipment.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
Yes
Yes
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
26
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3
25
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.
25
0.07 p.p.m.
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C
27
2,468.00 °C
6
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C
21
2,468.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Gray
Luster
NA
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
Not Available
6.00
6
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa
22
735.00 MPa
14
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
870.00 MPa
12
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s
23
3,480.00 m/s
21
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Y
Nb
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
19
20
17
22
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22
38
1.60
23
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65
29
1.42
16
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.23
25
Allen Electronegativity
1.12
38
1.41
31
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78
16
2.40
31
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol
99+
652.10 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,380.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,416.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol
10
3,700.00 kJ/mol
99+
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol
14
4,877.00 kJ/mol
36
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol
17
9,847.00 kJ/mol
11
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol
18
12,100.00 kJ/mol
14
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol
19
Not Available
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol
17
Not Available
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol
18
Not Available
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol
5
Not Available
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr
99+
0.69 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV
35
4.30 eV
18
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
39
99+
41
99+
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Kr] 4d4 5s1
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
39
99+
41
99+
Number of Neutrons
50
99+
52
99+
Number of Electrons
39
99+
41
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm
14
146.00 pm
35
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm
18
164.00 pm
28
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm
28
200.00 pm
28
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu
99+
92.91 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol
21
10.87 cm3/mol
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)
30
104.00 (-eV)
8
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm
31
330.04 pm
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
16
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3
99+
8.57 g/cm3
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3
99+
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
330.00 MPa
12
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)
32
Not Available
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)
10
0.00 (Pa)
27
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa
30
38.00 GPa
19
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa
30
170.00 GPa
10
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa
32
105.00 GPa
20
Poisson Ratio
0.24
26
0.40
4
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.47
99+
8.57
37
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m
8
152.00 nΩ·m
23
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.07 106/cm Ω
28
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol
30
86.10 kJ/mol
12
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)
18
0.26 J/(kg K)
20
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K
27
24.60 J/mol·K
99+
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K
99+
53.70 W/m·K
29
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)
37
7.30 µm/(m·K)
99+
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol
18
696.60 kJ/mol
4
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol
16
27.20 kJ/mol
6
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol
18
745.00 kJ/mol
4
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K
33
36.40 J/mol.K
99+
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