Symbol
Y
Cd
Group Number
312
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
55
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
d block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74406557440439
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00194.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
- Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
History
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Discovery
In 1794
In 1817
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
-
It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
-
Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Highly Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.1.80 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C320.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C765.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
4.002.00
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa203.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa90.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s2,310.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.901.71
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
83.00 %67.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Y
Cd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1934
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.221.69
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.651.98
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.111.46
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.221.53
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.121.52
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.782.31
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol1,631.40 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol3,616.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol4,040.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol8,640.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol8,650.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol86,400.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol867.80 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol865.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol8,670.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol864.90 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol864.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV4.22 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
3948
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
3948
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
5064
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
3948
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm151.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm144.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm158.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu112.41 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol13.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)30.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm297.94 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.571.89
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm38.65 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm38.00 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa62.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa19.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa42.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa50.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.240.30
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.478.65
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m72.70 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.14 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol0.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)0.23 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K26.02 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K96.60 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K594.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)30.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol100.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol6.19 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol113.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K51.80 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻