Symbol
Zr
Bi
Group Number
415
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
56
2
7
👆🏻
Block
d block
p block
Element Family
Transition Metal
Post-Transition
CAS Number
74406777440699
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
C12/m1
Space Group Number
194.0012.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Bismuth metal is soluble and reacts with concentrated nitric acid.
- It oxides are used as a yellow pigment in paint. Bismuth chloride oxide BiClO gives a pearly texture to cosmetics.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Claude François Geoffroy
Discovery
In 1789
In 1753
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- Tin and bismuth alloys have a very low melting point and hence it is used in fire detector and the fire extinguishers. It also used in electric solders and fuses.
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
-
Pharmaceutical Industry
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys
Biological Properties
Toxicity
-
Low Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.02 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.0.20 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
1,852.00 °C271.30 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C1,560.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery White
Silver
Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
5.002.25
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa70.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa30.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s1,790.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
2.152.50
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
70.00 %70.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Zr
Bi
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
2433
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.332.02
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.902.34
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.221.67
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.332.15
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.322.01
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.671.98
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol1,610.00 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol2,466.00 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol4,370.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol5,400.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/mol8,520.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
5,730.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
6,406.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol70,300.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
64,000.00 kJ/mol70,300.00 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
6,400.00 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol7,030.00 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
640.00 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol703.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr2.60 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
4.05 eV4.22 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Number
4083
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Rhombohedral (RHO)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
4083
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
51126
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
4083
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
160.00 pm156.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
175.00 pm148.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm207.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
91.22 amu208.98 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol21.30 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)41.90 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
323.20 pm667.40 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
-
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.591.86
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm39.78 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm310.05 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
330.00 MPa32.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa12.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa31.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa32.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.340.33
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
-
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
6.519.79
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Semiconductor
Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m1.29 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol91.20 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K7.97 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
2,128.00 K544.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)13.40 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol151.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol10.90 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol207.10 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K56.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻