1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.5 Period Number
1.7 Block
1.8 Element Family
Transition Metal
Lanthanide
1.9 CAS Number
74406777439910
7429905
54386242
1.12 Space Group Name
1.13 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Zirconium metal can resist to weak acids.
- Zirconium metal reacts with oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere.
- Lanthanum metal is highly malleable, ductile and sectile.
- If exposed to air Lanthanum metal oxidizes rapidly.
3.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Carl Gustaf Mosander
3.3.2 Discovery
3.4 Abundance
3.4.1 Abundance In Universe
5 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %~0.0000002 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.5.6 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.6.2 Abundance In Oceans
4.1.3 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- As this metal does not absorb neutrons; It is used in nuclear power stations.
- Its oxide is used in ultra strong ceramics. It is also used in manufacturing Crucibles.
- It has no commercial uses, but its alloys are in high demand. Lanthanum and Nickel alloy is used for the hydrogen gas storage.
- The best-known use for mischmetal alloy of Lanthanum is; as a ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters.
5.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.2 Medical Uses
5.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Alloys, Mirror Manufacturing
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.3 Present in Human Body
5.2.4 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
5.3.3 In Bone
0.10 p.p.m.0.08 p.p.m.
0
170000
6 Physical
6.1 Melting Point
1,852.00 °C920.00 °C
27
3410
6.2 Boiling Point
4,377.00 °C3,469.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
6.3.3 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
6.4.4 Brinell Hardness
638.00 MPa350.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.1.1 Vickers Hardness
820.00 MPa360.00 MPa
121
3430
7.3 Speed of Sound
3,800.00 m/s2,475.00 m/s
818
16200
7.5 Optical Properties
7.5.1 Refractive Index
7.5.2 Reflectivity
7.7 Allotropes
7.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
8.5.5 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
8.5.7 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
8.5.10 Allen Electronegativity
8.7 Electropositivity
8.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity
8.8 Ionization Energies
8.8.1 1st Energy Level
640.10 kJ/mol538.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
8.8.3 2nd Energy Level
1,270.00 kJ/mol1,067.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
8.8.4 3rd Energy Level
2,218.00 kJ/mol1,850.30 kJ/mol
1600
34230
8.8.7 4th Energy Level
3,313.00 kJ/mol4,819.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
8.8.9 5th Energy Level
7,752.00 kJ/mol5,940.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
8.8.10 6th Energy Level
9,500.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
8.8.12 7th Energy level
8.8.14 8th Energy Level
8.8.16 9th Energy Level
8.8.17 10th Energy Level
8.8.19 11th Energy Level
8.8.21 12th Energy Level
8.8.23 13th Energy Level
8.8.25 14th Energy Level
8.9.1 15th Energy Level
8.9.2 16th Energy Level
8.9.3 17th Energy Level
8.10.1 18th Energy Level
8.10.2 19th Energy Level
8.10.3 20th Energy Level
9.1.1 21st Energy Level
9.1.2 22nd Energy Level
9.1.3 23rd Energy Level
9.1.4 24th Energy Level
9.4.2 25th Energy Level
9.4.3 26th Energy Level
9.4.4 27th Energy Level
9.4.5 28th Energy Level
9.4.6 29th Energy Level
9.4.8 30th Energy Level
9.5 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.85 g/amp-hr1.73 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.6 Electron Work Function
9.7 Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d2 5s2
[Xe] 5d2 6s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.5.2 Number of Neutrons
10.5.4 Number of Electrons
10.7 Radius of an Atom
10.7.1 Atomic Radius
160.00 pm187.00 pm
112
265
10.7.2 Covalent Radius
175.00 pm207.00 pm
96
260
10.7.3 Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm240.00 pm
139
348
10.9 Atomic Weight
91.22 amu138.91 amu
6.94
294
10.10 Atomic Volume
14.10 cm3/mol20.73 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.13.1 Previous Element
10.13.2 Next Element
10.14 Valence Electron Potential
80.00 (-eV)40.71 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.15 Lattice Constant
323.20 pm377.20 pm
228.58
891.25
10.17 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.18 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.52 g/cm36.16 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
5.80 g/cm35.94 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.2 Tensile Strength
12.3 Viscosity
12.4 Vapor Pressure
12.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
12.4.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.98 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
12.5 Elasticity properties
12.5.1 Shear Modulus
33.00 GPa14.30 GPa
1.3
222
12.6.1 Bulk Modulus
91.10 GPa27.90 GPa
1.6
462
12.7.1 Young's Modulus
88.00 GPa36.60 GPa
1.7
528
12.9 Poisson Ratio
12.10 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile
13 Magnetic
13.1 Magnetic Characteristics
13.1.1 Specific Gravity
13.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
13.1.3 Permeability
13.2.2 Susceptibility
13.3 Electrical Properties
13.3.1 Electrical Property
13.3.2 Resistivity
421.00 nΩ·m615.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
13.3.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
13.3.5 Electron Affinity
41.10 kJ/mol48.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
14 Thermal
14.1 Specific Heat
0.27 J/(kg K)0.19 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
14.3 Molar Heat Capacity
25.36 J/mol·K27.11 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
15.2 Thermal Conductivity
22.60 W/m·K13.40 W/m·K
6.3
429
15.3 Critical Temperature
15.5 Thermal Expansion
5.70 µm/(m·K)12.10 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
15.6 Enthalpy
15.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
581.60 kJ/mol399.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
15.6.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
20.90 kJ/mol6.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
16.1.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
598.00 kJ/mol431.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
16.3 Standard Molar Entropy
39.00 J/mol.K56.90 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1