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Americium vs Polonium

Americium
Polonium
Polonium vs Americium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Am  
Po  
Group Number
10  
8
16  
2
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440359  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Americium metal is produced by bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons.
  • Americium metal was discovered as a by-product while testing an atomic bomb (Manhattan Project).
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Obtained By Bombarding Plutonium with Neutrons  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1944  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
35
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Americium metal is used in smoke detection alarms.
  • In the future, this metal has a potential to be used in batteries of spacecrafts.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
994.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,607.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
600.00 MPa  
28
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,750.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
64.00 %  
19
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Am  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
16  
23
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
1.30  
40
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,158.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,132.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,493.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
11
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
62,400.00 kJ/mol  
39
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
57,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
22
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
5,780.00 kJ/mol  
23
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
578.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.02 g/amp-hr  
20
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.30 eV  
25
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
95  
23
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f7 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Americium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
95  
23
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
148  
13
125  
20
Number of Electrons
95  
23
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
173.00 pm  
23
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
180.00 pm  
23
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
243.00 amu  
20
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
17.86 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Plutonium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Curium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.00 (-eV)  
99+
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
346.81 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
34
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.00 g/cm3  
32
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.67 g/cm3  
26
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
80.00 MPa  
29
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
13
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
26.00 GPa  
36
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
44.00 GPa  
32
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
58.00 GPa  
36
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
13.67  
26
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
16
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
-  
Conductor  
Resistivity
0.69 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
63.90 kJ/mol  
18
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.11 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
62.70 J/mol·K  
1
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,449.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.60 µm/(m·K)  
32
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
161.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
14.39 kJ/mol  
27
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
268.00 kJ/mol  
99+
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
63.10 J/mol.K  
23
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
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