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Berkelium Polonium Comparison

Berkelium
Polonium
Polonium Berkelium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Po  
Group Number
14  
4
16  
2
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
p block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Post-​Transition  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440086  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
Pm-3m  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
221.00  
4
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Polonium was the first radioactive element to be discovered.
  • Polonium element and its compounds are highly radioactive.
  • Its alloy with Beryllium provides source of neutrons.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Mining, Ores of metals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Pierre Curie and Marie Curie  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1898  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Polonium metal has different Allotropes, it is used in antistatic devices and for research purpose.
  • A 1 gram of Polonium can reach a temperature of 500°C, hence it is used as a heat source for space equipment.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
254.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
962.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.50  
15
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
70.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
30.00 MPa  
99+
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
2,260.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.70  
3
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
50.00 %  
31
Allotropes
No  
Yes  
α Allotropes
-  
α-polonium  
β Allotropes
-  
β-polonium  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Po  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
29  
10
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.00  
8
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.00  
10
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.76  
3
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.48  
1
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
2.19  
2
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.00  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
14
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,833.20 kJ/mol  
17
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,121.00 kJ/mol  
7
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
12
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
32
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
23
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
27
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
26
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
19
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
18
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
15
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
81,200.00 kJ/mol  
12
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
32
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8,120.00 kJ/mol  
21
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
29
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
22
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
812.10 kJ/mol  
40
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
17
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
812.10 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
13
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
11
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
10
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
16
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.10 kJ/mol  
15
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
812.00 kJ/mol  
11
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
3.90 g/amp-hr  
8
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.50 eV  
19
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
84  
32
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Monoclinic (MON)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
MON-Crystal-Structure-of-Polonium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
84  
32
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
125  
20
Number of Electrons
97  
21
84  
32
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
168.00 pm  
25
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
140.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
197.00 pm  
36
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
209.00 amu  
28
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
22.23 cm3/mol  
22
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Bismuth
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Francium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
9.30 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
335.90 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, π/2  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.46  
99+
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
9.20 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
9.40 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
26
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
24.00 GPa  
40
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
28
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
46.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.23  
30
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Nonmagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
15
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
0.40 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
183.30 kJ/mol  
3
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.12 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
26.40 J/mol·K  
36
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
20.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
527.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
23.50 µm/(m·K)  
16
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
60.30 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
13.00 kJ/mol  
32
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
134.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
41.10 J/mol.K  
99+
Summary >>
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Actinide Series

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