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Berkelium Thulium Comparison

Berkelium
Thulium
Thulium Berkelium comparison


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk   
Tm   
Group Number
Not Available   
Not Available   
Period Number
7   
6   
Block
f block   
f block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Lanthanide   
CAS Number
7440406   
99+
7440304   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Per Teodor Cleve   
Discovery
In 1949   
In 1879   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-8 %   
30
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.00000002 %   
28
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
NA   
NA   
Medical Uses
NA   
NA   
Other Uses
NA   
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes   
Biological Properties
  
  
Present in Human Body
No   
No   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
Not Available   
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C   
99+
1,545.00 °C   
23
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C   
40
1,730.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery Gray   
Luster
Metallic   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
471.00 MPa   
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available   
520.00 MPa   
21
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk   
Tm   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14   
25
32   
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.25   
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.11   
29
Allen Electronegativity
2.70   
1
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.75   
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol   
99+
596.70 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol   
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr   
16
2.10 g/amp-hr   
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97   
21
69   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2   
[Xe] 4f13 6s2   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100   
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97   
21
69   
99+
Number of Neutrons
150   
11
100   
32
Number of Electrons
97   
21
69   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm   
22
176.00 pm   
18
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
160.00 pm   
30
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu   
18
168.93 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
18.10 cm3/mol   
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)   
36
49.70 (-eV)   
28
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm   
99+
353.75 pm   
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
1.57   
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3   
22
9.32 g/cm3   
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3   
11
8.56 g/cm3   
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.06 (Pa)   
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available   
30.50 GPa   
22
Bulk Modulus
Not Available   
44.50 GPa   
26
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
74.00 GPa   
27
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.21   
31
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Ductile, Malleable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00   
14
9.32   
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Conductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
676.00 nΩ·m   
5
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.02 106/cm Ω   
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.16 J/(kg K)   
35
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
27.03 J/mol·K   
22
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K   
99+
16.90 W/m·K   
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
13.30 µm/(m·K)   
29
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
191.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
16.80 kJ/mol   
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
247.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
74.00 J/mol.K   
9
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