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Berkelium vs Thulium

Berkelium
Thulium
Thulium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Tm  
Group Number
14  
4
3  
15
Period Number
7  
6  
Block
f block  
f block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Lanthanide  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440304  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
  • Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Per Teodor Cleve  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1879  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
31
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
28
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
  • Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,545.00 °C  
23
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
1,730.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery Gray  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
2.25  
16
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
471.00 MPa  
30
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
520.00 MPa  
33
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
2,760.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
1.60  
33
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
35.00 %  
34
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Tm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
32  
7
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.25  
36
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
1.25  
28
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.11  
30
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
1.25  
35
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.25  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.75  
19
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
35
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
59,600.00 kJ/mol  
36
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,960.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
596.70 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
2.10 g/amp-hr  
30
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
2.40 eV  
99+
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
69  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Xe] 4f13 6s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
69  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
100  
33
Number of Electrons
97  
21
69  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
176.00 pm  
20
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
160.00 pm  
32
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
227.00 pm  
26
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
168.93 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
18.10 cm3/mol  
40
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Erbium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Ytterbium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
49.70 (-eV)  
29
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
353.75 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.57  
40
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
9.32 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
8.56 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
69.00 MPa  
32
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
19
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.06 (Pa)  
10
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
30.50 GPa  
26
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
44.50 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
74.00 GPa  
29
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.21  
32
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
9.32  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
676.00 nΩ·m  
5
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.16 J/(kg K)  
36
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
27.03 J/mol·K  
28
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
16.90 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
1,818.00 K  
27
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
13.30 µm/(m·K)  
35
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
191.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
16.80 kJ/mol  
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
247.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
74.00 J/mol.K  
9
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