Berkelium vs Thulium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk
Tm
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
7
6
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Actinide
Lanthanide
CAS Number
7440406
99+
7440304
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
P63/mmc
Space Group Number
194.00
5
194.00
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
- X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
- Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
History
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Per Teodor Cleve
Discovery
In 1949
In 1879
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
Not Available
1 * 10-8 %
30
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %
~0.00000002 %
28
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
NA
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
Biological Properties
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
Not Available
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Not Available
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C
99+
1,545.00 °C
23
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C
40
1,730.00 °C
99+
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silver
Silvery Gray
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
Not Available
471.00 MPa
25
Vickers Hardness
Not Available
520.00 MPa
21
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk
Tm
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
14
25
32
7
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30
32
1.25
35
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20
27
1.11
29
Allen Electronegativity
2.70
1
Not Available
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70
22
2.75
19
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol
99+
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol
99+
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol
99+
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr
16
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97
21
69
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
97
21
69
99+
Number of Neutrons
150
11
100
32
Number of Electrons
97
21
69
99+
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm
22
176.00 pm
18
Covalent Radius
Not Available
160.00 pm
30
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu
18
168.93 amu
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available
18.10 cm3/mol
28
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)
36
49.70 (-eV)
28
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm
99+
353.75 pm
40
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available
1.57
17
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3
22
9.32 g/cm3
40
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3
11
8.56 g/cm3
24
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available
0.06 (Pa)
10
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
Not Available
30.50 GPa
22
Bulk Modulus
Not Available
44.50 GPa
26
Young's Modulus
Not Available
74.00 GPa
27
Poisson Ratio
Not Available
0.21
31
Other Mechanical Properties
NA
Ductile, Malleable
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
14.00
14
9.32
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
Not Available
676.00 nΩ·m
5
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K
99+
16.90 W/m·K
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
Not Available
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available
16.80 kJ/mol
17
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available
74.00 J/mol.K
9
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