Thulium vs Protactinium
Periodic Table
Symbol
Tm
Pa
Group Number
Not Available
Not Available
Period Number
6
7
Block
f block
f block
Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
CAS Number
7440304
99+
7440133
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
Space Group Number
194.00
5
139.00
8
Facts
Interesting Facts
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
- Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
- Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Per Teodor Cleve
William Crookes
Discovery
In 1879
In 1900
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-8 %
30
Not Available
Abundance In Sun
~0.00000002 %
28
~-9999 %
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %
99+
Not Available
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %
99+
0.00 %
99+
Uses
Uses & Benefits
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
- Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
- Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
Industrial Uses
NA
NA
Medical Uses
NA
NA
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
NA
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Unknown
Highly Toxic
Present in Human Body
No
No
In Blood
Not Available
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3
37
In Bone
Not Available
0.00 p.p.m.
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
1,545.00 °C
23
1,568.00 °C
21
Boiling Point
1,730.00 °C
99+
4,027.00 °C
12
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Silvery Gray
Silver
Luster
Metallic
Metallic
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
471.00 MPa
25
Not Available
Vickers Hardness
520.00 MPa
21
Not Available
Speed of Sound
Not Available
Not Available
Optical Properties
Allotropes
No
No
α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Tm
Pa
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
32
7
27
12
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.25
35
1.50
27
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11
29
1.14
28
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
2.75
19
2.50
27
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
596.70 kJ/mol
99+
568.00 kJ/mol
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,160.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,128.00 kJ/mol
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,285.00 kJ/mol
99+
1,814.00 kJ/mol
99+
4th Energy Level
4,120.00 kJ/mol
33
2,991.00 kJ/mol
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr
26
1.72 g/amp-hr
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available
Not Available
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
69
99+
91
27
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Thulium.jpg#100
TETR-Crystal-Structure-of-Protactinium.jpg#100
Atom
Number of Protons
69
99+
91
27
Number of Neutrons
100
32
122
21
Number of Electrons
69
99+
91
27
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
176.00 pm
18
163.00 pm
25
Covalent Radius
160.00 pm
30
200.00 pm
11
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available
243.00 pm
11
Atomic Weight
168.93 amu
99+
231.04 amu
24
Atomic Volume
18.10 cm3/mol
28
15.00 cm3/mol
34
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Valence Electron Potential
49.70 (-eV)
28
92.00 (-eV)
11
Lattice Constant
353.75 pm
40
392.50 pm
23
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57
17
Not Available
Mechanical Properties
Density
Density At Room Temperature
9.32 g/cm3
40
15.37 g/cm3
20
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.56 g/cm3
24
Not Available
Tensile Strength
Not Available
Not Available
Viscosity
Not Available
Not Available
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.06 (Pa)
10
Not Available
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
30.50 GPa
22
Not Available
Bulk Modulus
44.50 GPa
26
Not Available
Young's Modulus
74.00 GPa
27
Not Available
Poisson Ratio
0.21
31
Not Available
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
9.32
31
15.37
12
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
676.00 nΩ·m
5
177.00 nΩ·m
21
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω
99+
0.05 106/cm Ω
34
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol
21
Not Available
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.16 J/(kg K)
35
0.12 J/(kg K)
40
Molar Heat Capacity
27.03 J/mol·K
22
Not Available
Thermal Conductivity
16.90 W/m·K
99+
47.00 W/m·K
32
Critical Temperature
Not Available
Not Available
Thermal Expansion
13.30 µm/(m·K)
29
9.90 µm/(m·K)
40
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
191.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Enthalpy of Fusion
16.80 kJ/mol
17
12.34 kJ/mol
28
Enthalpy of Atomization
247.00 kJ/mol
99+
Not Available
Standard Molar Entropy
74.00 J/mol.K
9
198.10 J/mol.K
1
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