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Berkelium vs Yttrium

Berkelium
Yttrium
Yttrium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Y  
Group Number
Not Available  
3  
15
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440655  
25
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
5
194.00  
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Johan Gadolin  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1794  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available  
7 * 10-7 %  
17
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %  
~0.0000001 %  
26
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available  
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available  
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available  
0.00 %  
25
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
Industrial Uses
NA  
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
NA  
NA  
Other Uses
NA  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Unknown  
Highly Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
Yes  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
36
0.07 p.p.m.  
25
Physical Properties
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
1,523.00 °C  
27
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
40
3,337.00 °C  
21
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
NA  
Hardness
  
  
Brinell Hardness
Not Available  
589.00 MPa  
22
Speed of Sound
Not Available  
3,300.00 m/s  
23
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
β Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
γ Allotropes
Not Available  
Not Available  
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Y  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
19  
20
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
32
1.22  
38
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available  
0.65  
29
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
27
1.11  
29
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.12  
38
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
2.78  
16
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
10
5th Energy Level
Not Available  
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
14
6th Energy Level
Not Available  
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
17
7th Energy level
Not Available  
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
8th Energy Level
Not Available  
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
9th Energy Level
Not Available  
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
10th Energy Level
Not Available  
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
11th Energy Level
Not Available  
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
12th Energy Level
Not Available  
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
5
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
16
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available  
3.10 eV  
35
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
97  
21
39  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
39  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
11
50  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
39  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
22
180.00 pm  
14
Covalent Radius
Not Available  
190.00 pm  
18
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available  
200.00 pm  
28
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
88.91 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available  
19.80 cm3/mol  
21
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Strontium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Zirconium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
36
48.00 (-eV)  
30
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
364.74 pm  
31
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available  
1.57  
16
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
22
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
11
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available  
Not Available  
Viscosity
Not Available  
Not Available  
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available  
0.00 (Pa)  
32
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
Not Available  
4.27 (Pa)  
10
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
Not Available  
25.60 GPa  
30
Bulk Modulus
Not Available  
41.20 GPa  
30
Young's Modulus
Not Available  
63.50 GPa  
32
Poisson Ratio
Not Available  
0.24  
26
Other Mechanical Properties
NA  
Ductile  
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
14
4.47  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
Not Available  
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available  
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
Not Available  
29.60 kJ/mol  
30
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available  
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available  
26.53 J/mol·K  
27
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
Not Available  
Not Available  
Thermal Expansion
Not Available  
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
37
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available  
393.00 kJ/mol  
18
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available  
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available  
418.00 kJ/mol  
18
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available  
44.40 J/mol.K  
33
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