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Yttrium vs Berkelium

Yttrium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Yttrium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Y  
Bk  
Group Number
3  
15
14  
4
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440655  
25
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Yttrium Metal is highly toxic.
  • Yttrium Metal is highly reactive in nature hence not found free in nature.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Johan Gadolin  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1794  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
18
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
25
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Yttrium metal is used in different alloys, as it increases the strength of aluminum Magnesium alloy. It is used for radar microwave filter.
  • It is also used as a catalyst in ethene polymerisation.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Highly Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
26
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.07 p.p.m.  
30
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
1,523.00 °C  
27
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,337.00 °C  
22
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
-  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
4.00  
11
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
589.00 MPa  
26
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
590.00 MPa  
29
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
3,300.00 m/s  
34
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.90  
18
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
83.00 %  
6
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Y  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
19  
20
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.22  
39
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.65  
99+
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.11  
30
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.22  
38
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.12  
99+
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.78  
16
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,180.00 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
1,980.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
5,847.00 kJ/mol  
19
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,430.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,970.00 kJ/mol  
23
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
11,190.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
12,450.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
14,110.00 kJ/mol  
19
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
18,400.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
19,900.00 kJ/mol  
18
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
36,090.00 kJ/mol  
25
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
33
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
60,000.00 kJ/mol  
34
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,000.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
604.50 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.11 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
3.10 eV  
99+
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
39  
99+
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d1 5s2  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Yttrium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
39  
99+
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
50  
99+
150  
12
Number of Electrons
39  
99+
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
180.00 pm  
16
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
190.00 pm  
18
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
88.91 amu  
99+
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
19.80 cm3/mol  
33
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Strontium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Zirconium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
48.00 (-eV)  
31
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
364.74 pm  
34
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
39
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
4.47 g/cm3  
99+
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
4.24 g/cm3  
99+
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
160.00 MPa  
22
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
18
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
34
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
4.27 (Pa)  
10
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
25.60 GPa  
37
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
41.20 GPa  
35
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
63.50 GPa  
34
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.24  
26
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
4.47  
99+
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
18
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
596.00 nΩ·m  
8
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.02 106/cm Ω  
99+
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
29.60 kJ/mol  
36
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.30 J/(kg K)  
18
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.53 J/mol·K  
35
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
17.20 W/m·K  
99+
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
1,799.00 K  
31
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
10.60 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
393.00 kJ/mol  
25
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
17.15 kJ/mol  
16
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
418.00 kJ/mol  
23
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
44.40 J/mol.K  
99+
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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