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Berkelium vs Ruthenium

Berkelium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium vs Berkelium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Bk  
Ru  
Group Number
14  
4
8  
10
Period Number
7  
5  
Block
f block  
d block  
Element Family
Actinide  
Transition Metal  
CAS Number
7440406  
99+
7440188  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
Sources
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Karl Ernst Claus  
Discovery
In 1949  
In 1844  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
36
0.00 %  
21
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
30
0.00 %  
22
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
26
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
-  
0.00 %  
38
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
Industrial Uses
-  
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
Medical Uses
-  
Medical Research  
Other Uses
-  
Alloys  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
-  
Low Toxic  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
986.00 °C  
99+
2,250.00 °C  
8
Boiling Point
2,627.00 °C  
99+
3,900.00 °C  
14
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silver  
Silvery White  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.00  
6
6.50  
5
Brinell Hardness
260.00 MPa  
99+
2,160.00 MPa  
3
Vickers Hardness
1,070.00 MPa  
16
1,160.00 MPa  
14
Speed of Sound
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
5,970.00 m/s  
7
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.30  
99+
2.60  
4
Reflectivity
61.00 %  
22
6.00 %  
38
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Bk  
Ru  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
14  
25
26  
13
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.30  
25
2.20  
8
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20  
28
1.42  
19
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.30  
33
2.20  
6
Allen Electronegativity
2.70  
1
1.54  
28
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70  
22
1.80  
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
2nd Energy Level
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
4th Energy Level
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
5th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
8th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
11th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
12th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
14th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
15th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
16th Energy Level
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
17th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
19th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
20th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
21st Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
23rd Energy Level
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
24th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
25th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
26th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
27th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
28th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
29th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
30th Energy Level
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
Electron Work Function
4.90 eV  
12
4.71 eV  
14
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Atomic
Atomic Number
97  
21
44  
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
97  
21
44  
99+
Number of Neutrons
150  
12
57  
99+
Number of Electrons
97  
21
44  
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
170.00 pm  
24
134.00 pm  
99+
Covalent Radius
170.00 pm  
27
146.00 pm  
40
Van der Waals Radius
244.00 pm  
14
200.00 pm  
35
Atomic Weight
247.00 amu  
18
101.07 amu  
99+
Atomic Volume
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Curium
  
Technetium
  
Next Element
Californium
  
Rhodium
  
Valence Electron Potential
45.50 (-eV)  
37
64.00 (-eV)  
22
Lattice Constant
341.60 pm  
99+
270.59 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57  
38
1.58  
33
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
14.78 g/cm3  
23
12.45 g/cm3  
29
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
13.25 g/cm3  
29
10.65 g/cm3  
37
Tensile Strength
70.00 MPa  
31
50.00 MPa  
38
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
30
0.00 (Pa)  
23
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
27.00 GPa  
34
173.00 GPa  
4
Bulk Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
220.00 GPa  
7
Young's Modulus
13.00 GPa  
99+
447.00 GPa  
3
Poisson Ratio
0.35  
9
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
-  
Ductile, Malleable  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
14.00  
25
12.45  
31
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
13
0.00 H/m  
17
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
Electrical Conductivity
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
Molar Heat Capacity
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
117.00 W/m·K  
13
Critical Temperature
1,323.00 K  
99+
2,607.00 K  
9
Thermal Expansion
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
Enthalpy of Fusion
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
Enthalpy of Atomization
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
Standard Molar Entropy
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
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