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Ruthenium vs Berkelium

Ruthenium
Berkelium
Berkelium vs Ruthenium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ru  
Bk  
Group Number
8  
10
14  
4
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440188  
99+
7440406  
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
P63/mmc  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Ruthenium element has been extracted from used nuclear fuel.
  • Ruthenium metal also produces as a by-product of the Nickel mining.
  
  • X-ray Diffraction- different compounds of Berkelium metals are identified using it.
    Commercial uses of Berkelium metal are not yet discovered.
  
Sources
By-product of Nickel Refining, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Americium with Alpha Particles.  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Ernst Claus  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1844  
In 1949  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
36
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
22
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
26
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
38
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
24
0.00 %  
24
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used for producing chip resistors and contact.
  • Ruthenium oxide is used to coat the anodes cells for chlorine production in chemical industry. It also works as catalysts for ammonia and acetic acid reaction.
  
  • This metal is very rare and has no commercial uses.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
Medical Research  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Low Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
No  
No  
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
37
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
2,250.00 °C  
8
986.00 °C  
99+
Boiling Point
3,900.00 °C  
14
2,627.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery White  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Metallic  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
6.50  
5
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
2,160.00 MPa  
3
260.00 MPa  
99+
Vickers Hardness
1,160.00 MPa  
14
1,070.00 MPa  
16
Speed of Sound
5,970.00 m/s  
7
2,560.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
2.60  
4
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
6.00 %  
38
61.00 %  
22
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Ru  
Bk  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
26  
13
14  
25
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
2.20  
5
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.20  
8
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.42  
19
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.20  
6
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.54  
28
2.70  
1
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
1.80  
99+
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
32
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
710.22 kJ/mol  
99+
1,186.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,747.00 kJ/mol  
38
2,152.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
12
3,434.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
27
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
7,107.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
37
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
4,700.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
5,600.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
35
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
7,197.00 kJ/mol  
32
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
7,190.00 kJ/mol  
99+
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
16
13th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
29
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
14th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
32
15th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
25
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
16th Energy Level
71,000.00 kJ/mol  
21
60,100.00 kJ/mol  
33
17th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
7,100.00 kJ/mol  
31
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
99+
19th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
38
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
32
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
18
22nd Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
99+
6,010.00 kJ/mol  
19
24th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
26
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
25
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
30
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
710.20 kJ/mol  
31
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
710.00 kJ/mol  
25
601.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.26 g/amp-hr  
99+
3.07 g/amp-hr  
19
Electron Work Function
4.71 eV  
14
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
44  
99+
97  
21
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d7 5s1  
[Rn] 5f9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)  
Crystal Lattice
rystal-Structure-of-Ruthenium.jpg#100  
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Berkelium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
44  
99+
97  
21
Number of Neutrons
57  
99+
150  
12
Number of Electrons
44  
99+
97  
21
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
134.00 pm  
99+
170.00 pm  
24
Covalent Radius
146.00 pm  
40
170.00 pm  
27
Van der Waals Radius
200.00 pm  
35
244.00 pm  
14
Atomic Weight
101.07 amu  
99+
247.00 amu  
18
Atomic Volume
8.30 cm3/mol  
99+
13.39 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Technetium
  
Curium
  
Next Element
Rhodium
  
Californium
  
Valence Electron Potential
64.00 (-eV)  
22
45.50 (-eV)  
37
Lattice Constant
270.59 pm  
99+
341.60 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.58  
33
1.57  
38
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
12.45 g/cm3  
29
14.78 g/cm3  
23
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
10.65 g/cm3  
37
13.25 g/cm3  
29
Tensile Strength
50.00 MPa  
38
70.00 MPa  
31
Viscosity
0.00  
25
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
37
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
23
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
173.00 GPa  
4
27.00 GPa  
34
Bulk Modulus
220.00 GPa  
7
13.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
447.00 GPa  
3
13.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
12.45  
31
14.00  
25
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic  
Paramagnetic  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
17
0.00 H/m  
13
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor  
Conductor  
Resistivity
71.00 nΩ·m  
38
7.60 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
18
0.10 106/cm Ω  
25
Electron Affinity
101.30 kJ/mol  
11
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.24 J/(kg K)  
24
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
24.06 J/mol·K  
99+
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
117.00 W/m·K  
13
10.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
2,607.00 K  
9
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
6.40 µm/(m·K)  
99+
13.25 µm/(m·K)  
36
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
567.80 kJ/mol  
13
380.00 kJ/mol  
27
Enthalpy of Fusion
25.50 kJ/mol  
7
13.25 kJ/mol  
31
Enthalpy of Atomization
603.00 kJ/mol  
10
601.00 kJ/mol  
11
Standard Molar Entropy
28.50 J/mol.K  
99+
52.00 J/mol.K  
37
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