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Beryllium
Beryllium

Promethium
Promethium



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Beryllium
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Beryllium vs Promethium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Be
Pm
1.2 Group Number
2NA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
26
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
s block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Lanthanide
1.6 CAS Number
74404177440122
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
Not Available
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00NA
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Beryllium is best anti corrosion metal.
  • Beryllium is the lightest metal and still it is stronger than steel.
  • It also finds various applications in Nuclear reactors as a reflector.
  • Promethium metal found in Pitchblende.
  • Promethium metal is highly radioactive metal.
2.2 Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Chien Shiung Wu, Emilio Segrè, Hans Bethe
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1797
In 1942
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-7 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.00000001 %~-9999 %
Palladium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %NA
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %NA
Protactinium
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
0.00 %NA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • Its alloys with copper or nickel are used in manufacturing Gyroscopes, springs, electrical contact and non sparking tools.
  • Beryllium Alloys are used as a material for aircraft, missiles, spacecraft and satellite.
  • It is used for research purpose. Very small amount of this metal is used in atomic batteries.
  • Its radioactive decay is used for a phosphor to give off light. The light emitted is converted into electricity.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
NA
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
NA
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Toxic
Non Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.NA
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
1,278.00 °C1,042.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
2,970.00 °C3,000.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
White Gray
Unknown
4.3.3 Luster
Metallic
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
5.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
590.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
1,670.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
12,890.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Be
Pm
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
927
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.57NA
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
1.81NA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.471.07
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.54NA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
1.58NA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.43NA
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
899.50 kJ/mol540.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,757.10 kJ/mol1,050.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
14,848.70 kJ/mol2,150.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
21,006.60 kJ/mol3,970.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
NANA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
NANA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
0.17 g/amp-hr1.80 g/amp-hr
Palladium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
4.98 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
461
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[He] 2s2
[Xe] 4f5 6s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
461
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
584
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
461
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
112.00 pm183.00 pm
Palladium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
96.00 pm199.00 pm
Palladium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
153.00 pm236.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
9.01 amu145.00 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
5.00 cm3/mol22.39 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
82.00 (-eV)44.10 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
228.58 pmNA
Palladium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
Unknown
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
1.57NA
Cadmium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
1.85 g/cm37.26 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.69 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Cerium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NANA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
132.00 GPa18.00 GPa
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
130.00 GPa33.00 GPa
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
287.00 GPa46.00 GPa
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.030.28
Iron
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
NA
NA
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
1.857.26
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Semiconductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
36.00 nΩ·m0.75 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.31 106/cm ΩNA
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
1.82 J/(kg K)0.18 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
16.44 J/mol·KNA
Palladium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
200.00 W/m·K17.90 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
11.30 µm/(m·K)9.00 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
294.70 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
11.72 kJ/mol7.50 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
326.40 kJ/mol310.00 kJ/mol
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
9.50 J/mol.KNA
Palladium
9.5 198.1