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Cadmium vs Fermium

Cadmium
Fermium
Fermium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Fm  
Group Number
12  
6
3  
15
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
f block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
Actinide  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
7440724  
19
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
  • Fermium metal is highly radioactive in nature.
  • Fermium is synthetically produced metal.
  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Bombarding Pu-239 with Neutrons  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1952  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
35
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
0.00 %  
30
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
0.00 %  
99+
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Fermium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
-  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
1,527.00 °C  
26
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
0.00 °C  
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
-  
Luster
Metallic  
-  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
6.00  
6
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
500.00 MPa  
28
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
600.00 MPa  
28
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
2,500.00 m/s  
99+
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
59.00 %  
24
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Fm  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
18  
21
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
1.30  
33
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.30  
25
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.20  
28
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
1.30  
33
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
1.30  
40
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.70  
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
1,225.00 kJ/mol  
99+
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
2,363.00 kJ/mol  
99+
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
3,792.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
39
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
7,040.00 kJ/mol  
33
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
99+
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
10
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
38
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
27
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
38
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
62,700.00 kJ/mol  
28
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
40
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
994.80 kJ/mol  
21
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
627.00 kJ/mol  
99+
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
345.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
6,270.00 kJ/mol  
14
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
627.60 kJ/mol  
38
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
627.00 kJ/mol  
40
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
627.60 kJ/mol  
39
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
627.60 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.20 g/amp-hr  
15
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.47 eV  
21
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
100  
18
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f12 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Not Known  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
Unknown-Crystal-Structure-of-Fermium.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
100  
18
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
157  
8
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
100  
18
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
180.00 pm  
16
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
180.00 pm  
23
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
245.00 pm  
13
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
257.00 amu  
15
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
18.00 cm3/mol  
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Einsteinium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Mendelevium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
0.00 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
350.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.63  
13
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
9.70 g/cm3  
99+
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
0.10 MPa  
99+
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
22
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
30
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
30.00 GPa  
27
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
50.00 GPa  
24
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
0.00 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.35  
9
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
9.70  
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
16
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
7.90 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.10 J/(kg K)  
99+
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
27.00 J/mol·K  
29
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
0.00 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,323.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
11.00 µm/(m·K)  
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
319.20 kJ/mol  
99+
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
13.30 kJ/mol  
30
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
50.00 J/mol.K  
99+
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