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Cadmium vs Roentgenium

Cadmium
Roentgenium
Roentgenium vs Cadmium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cd  
Rg  
Group Number
12  
6
11  
7
Period Number
5  
7  
Block
d block  
d block  
Element Family
Transition Metal  
-  
CAS Number
7440439  
99+
54386242  
1
Space Group Name
P63/mmc  
-  
Space Group Number
194.00  
7
194.00  
7
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
  • Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
  • It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
  • It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
  
Roentgenium is a highly unstable synthetic element.  
Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining  
Synthetically Produced  
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer  
Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung  
Discovery
In 1817  
In 1994  
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
0.00 %  
23
0.00 %  
40
Abundance In Sun
0.00 %  
21
-  
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %  
31
-  
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %  
99+
-  
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %  
28
-  
Abundance In Humans
0.00 %  
12
-  
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
  • Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
  
  • Currently known uses of Roentgenium metal are limited to research purpose only.
  
Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry  
-  
Medical Uses
-  
-  
Other Uses
Alloys  
Research Purposes  
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic  
-  
Present in Human Body
Yes  
No  
In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-3  
24
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3  
40
In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.  
16
0.00 p.p.m.  
99+
Physical
Melting Point
320.90 °C  
99+
-  
Boiling Point
765.00 °C  
99+
2,800.00 °C  
38
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid  
Solid  
Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray  
Silver  
Luster
Metallic  
Unknown Luster  
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.00  
17
-  
Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa  
99+
700.00 MPa  
17
Vickers Hardness
90.00 MPa  
99+
450.00 MPa  
38
Speed of Sound
2,310.00 m/s  
99+
3,430.00 m/s  
32
Optical Properties
  
  
Refractive Index
1.71  
26
1.30  
99+
Reflectivity
67.00 %  
16
64.00 %  
19
Allotropes
No  
No  
α Allotropes
-  
-  
β Allotropes
-  
-  
γ Allotropes
-  
-  
Chemical
Chemical Formula
Cd  
Rg  
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
34  
5
1  
34
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.69  
18
0.00  
99+
Sanderson Electronegativity
1.98  
11
1.90  
13
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.46  
16
1.30  
25
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.53  
25
0.90  
99+
Allen Electronegativity
1.52  
30
0.80  
99+
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.31  
37
2.20  
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
11
1,022.70 kJ/mol  
3
2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol  
33
2,074.40 kJ/mol  
10
3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol  
13
3,077.90 kJ/mol  
24
4th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
99+
4,052.40 kJ/mol  
99+
5th Energy Level
4,040.00 kJ/mol  
99+
5,306.70 kJ/mol  
99+
6th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
28
11,100.00 kJ/mol  
10
7th Energy level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
8th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
24
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
9th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
5,650.00 kJ/mol  
99+
10th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
25
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
99+
11th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
22
8,300.00 kJ/mol  
24
12th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
3
8,300.00 kJ/mol  
99+
13th Energy Level
8,640.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,700.00 kJ/mol  
16
14th Energy Level
8,650.00 kJ/mol  
15
8,300.00 kJ/mol  
16
15th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
87,000.00 kJ/mol  
9
16th Energy Level
86,400.00 kJ/mol  
10
83,000.00 kJ/mol  
11
17th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
28
830.80 kJ/mol  
30
18th Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
17
8,300.00 kJ/mol  
19
19th Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol  
26
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
20th Energy Level
865.00 kJ/mol  
16
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
21st Energy Level
8,670.00 kJ/mol  
10
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
22nd Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
14
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
23rd Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
40
5,800.00 kJ/mol  
21
24th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
10
538.70 kJ/mol  
99+
25th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
26th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
27th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
8
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
28th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
11
880.00 kJ/mol  
8
29th Energy Level
864.90 kJ/mol  
12
580.00 kJ/mol  
99+
30th Energy Level
864.00 kJ/mol  
8
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr  
31
3.10 g/amp-hr  
18
Electron Work Function
4.22 eV  
29
4.90 eV  
12
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility  
-  
Atomic
Atomic Number
48  
99+
111  
7
Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2  
[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2  
Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)  
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)  
Crystal Lattice
HCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cadmium.jpg#100  
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100  
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
48  
99+
111  
7
Number of Neutrons
64  
99+
161  
4
Number of Electrons
48  
99+
111  
7
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
151.00 pm  
34
200.00 pm  
7
Covalent Radius
144.00 pm  
99+
126.00 pm  
99+
Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm  
99+
280.00 pm  
6
Atomic Weight
112.41 amu  
99+
281.00 amu  
6
Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol  
99+
28.70 cm3/mol  
12
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Silver
  
Darmstadtium
  
Next Element
Indium
  
Copernicium
  
Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)  
99+
11.90 (-eV)  
99+
Lattice Constant
297.94 pm  
99+
0.00 pm  
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3  
-  
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.89  
2
1.90  
1
Mechanical
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm3  
99+
28.70 g/cm3  
6
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm3  
99+
28.70 g/cm3  
7
Tensile Strength
62.00 MPa  
34
65.00 MPa  
33
Viscosity
0.00  
13
0.00  
25
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
22
0.00 (Pa)  
37
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)  
24
0.00 (Pa)  
99+
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa  
99+
26.00 GPa  
36
Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa  
34
0.00 GPa  
99+
Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa  
39
12.70 GPa  
99+
Poisson Ratio
0.30  
14
0.30  
14
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable  
-  
Magnetic
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
8.65  
99+
28.70  
8
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic  
-  
Permeability
0.00 H/m  
10
0.00 H/m  
12
Susceptibility
0.00  
24
0.00  
24
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor  
-  
Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m  
36
0.20 nΩ·m  
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω  
17
0.00 106/cm Ω  
99+
Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol  
99+
50.00 kJ/mol  
26
Thermal
Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)  
26
0.13 J/(kg K)  
40
Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K  
40
23.70 J/mol·K  
99+
Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K  
16
0.10 W/m·K  
99+
Critical Temperature
594.00 K  
99+
1,100.00 K  
99+
Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)  
10
12.60 µm/(m·K)  
40
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
12
Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol  
99+
-  
Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol  
99+
580.00 kJ/mol  
14
Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K  
38
57.00 J/mol.K  
30
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