1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.5 Block
1.6 Element Family
Transition Metal
Transition Metal
1.7 CAS Number
74404397440202
7429905
54386242
1.11 Space Group Name
1.12 Space Group Number
3 Facts
3.1 Interesting Facts
- Naturally occurring minor elements include Cadmium.
- Cadmium is released into atmosphere to control volcanic eruption and forest fires.
- It is used for electroplating of Steel for corrosion resistance.
- It can absorb neutrons and used in nuclear reactor to control atomic fission.
- Scandium is known as one of the rare earth elements.
- Scandium metal found in rare minerals called Wolframite .
3.2 Sources
Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of metals, Ores of Minerals
3.3 History
3.3.1 Who Discovered
Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann and Friedrich Stromeyer
Lars Fredrik Nilson
3.4.2 Discovery
3.5 Abundance
3.5.1 Abundance In Universe
2 * 10-7 %3 * 10-6 %
5E-09
0.11
3.5.3 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000006 %~0.000004 %
1E-08
0.1
3.5.5 Abundance In Meteorites
3.5.7 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.5.9 Abundance In Oceans
3.5.11 Abundance In Humans
5 Uses
5.1 Uses & Benefits
- It has very limited uses as it is a toxic metal and it can cause birth defects, cancer, etc.
-
Almost 80% of Cadmium metal is used in Nickel cadmium Batteries and now it is getting replaced with nickel hydride.
- Uses of Scandium are limited to research purpose only. However, it has very low density and higher melting point.
-
Its compounds like scandium iodide is used in mercury vapor lamps to produce very bright white light.
5.1.2 Industrial Uses
Aerospace Industry, Ammunition Industry, Chemical Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
5.1.4 Medical Uses
5.1.5 Other Uses
5.2 Biological Properties
5.2.1 Toxicity
5.2.2 Present in Human Body
5.2.3 In Blood
0.01 Blood/mg dm-30.01 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
5.2.5 In Bone
1.80 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
7 Physical
7.1 Melting Point
320.90 °C1,539.00 °C
27
3410
7.3 Boiling Point
765.00 °C2,832.00 °C
147
5660
7.5 Appearance
7.5.1 Physical State
7.5.4 Color
Silvery Bluish-Gray
Silvery White
7.5.5 Luster
7.7 Hardness
7.7.1 Mohs Hardness
7.7.2 Brinell Hardness
203.00 MPa750.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.7.3 Vickers Hardness
7.8 Speed of Sound
7.10 Optical Properties
7.10.1 Refractive Index
7.11.2 Reflectivity
7.12 Allotropes
7.12.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.12.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
9.3 Electronegativity
9.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
9.4.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.4.4 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.4.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.4.8 Allen Electronegativity
9.5 Electropositivity
9.5.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.7 Ionization Energies
9.7.1 1st Energy Level
867.80 kJ/mol633.10 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.8.2 2nd Energy Level
1,631.40 kJ/mol1,235.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.8.4 3rd Energy Level
3,616.00 kJ/mol2,388.60 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.8.6 4th Energy Level
NA7,090.60 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.8.8 5th Energy Level
NA8,843.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
9.8.10 6th Energy Level
NA10,679.00 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
9.8.12 7th Energy level
NA13,310.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
9.8.14 8th Energy Level
NA15,250.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
9.8.16 9th Energy Level
NA17,370.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
9.8.18 10th Energy Level
NA21,726.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
9.8.20 11th Energy Level
NA24,102.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
9.8.22 12th Energy Level
NA66,320.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
9.8.24 13th Energy Level
NA73,010.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
9.8.27 14th Energy Level
NA80,160.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
9.8.29 15th Energy Level
NA89,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
9.8.31 16th Energy Level
NA97,400.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
9.8.33 17th Energy Level
NA105,600.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
9.8.35 18th Energy Level
NA117,000.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
9.8.37 19th Energy Level
NA124,270.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
9.8.39 20th Energy Level
9.8.41 21st Energy Level
9.8.43 22nd Energy Level
9.8.45 23rd Energy Level
9.8.47 24th Energy Level
9.8.49 25th Energy Level
9.8.51 26th Energy Level
9.8.53 27th Energy Level
9.8.55 28th Energy Level
9.8.57 29th Energy Level
9.8.59 30th Energy Level
9.10 Electrochemical Equivalent
2.10 g/amp-hr0.56 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.12 Electron Work Function
10.2 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Corrosion, Flammable, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
11 Atomic
11.1 Atomic Number
11.4 Electron Configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2
[Ar] 3d1 4s2
11.6 Crystal Structure
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
11.6.1 Crystal Lattice
11.7 Atom
11.7.1 Number of Protons
11.7.2 Number of Neutrons
11.7.4 Number of Electrons
11.8 Radius of an Atom
11.8.1 Atomic Radius
151.00 pm162.00 pm
112
265
11.9.2 Covalent Radius
144.00 pm170.00 pm
96
260
11.9.4 Van der Waals Radius
158.00 pm211.00 pm
139
348
11.10 Atomic Weight
112.41 amu44.96 amu
6.94
294
11.12 Atomic Volume
13.10 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.14 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.14.1 Previous Element
11.14.2 Next Element
11.15 Valence Electron Potential
30.00 (-eV)58.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.18 Lattice Constant
297.94 pm330.90 pm
228.58
891.25
11.20 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.22 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
8.65 g/cm32.99 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
13.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
8.00 g/cm32.80 g/cm3
0.512
20
13.2 Tensile Strength
13.4 Viscosity
13.6 Vapor Pressure
13.6.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
13.7.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
NA91.30 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
13.9 Elasticity properties
13.9.1 Shear Modulus
19.00 GPa29.10 GPa
1.3
222
13.9.3 Bulk Modulus
42.00 GPa56.60 GPa
1.6
462
13.9.5 Young's Modulus
50.00 GPa74.40 GPa
1.7
528
13.11 Poisson Ratio
14.2 Other Mechanical Properties
15 Magnetic
15.1 Magnetic Characteristics
15.1.1 Specific Gravity
15.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
15.1.5 Permeability
15.1.7 Susceptibility
15.3 Electrical Properties
15.3.1 Electrical Property
15.3.2 Resistivity
72.70 nΩ·m562.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.3.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.14 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.3.6 Electron Affinity
0.00 kJ/mol18.10 kJ/mol
0
222.8
17 Thermal
17.1 Specific Heat
0.23 J/(kg K)0.60 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
17.3 Molar Heat Capacity
26.02 J/mol·K25.52 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
17.5 Thermal Conductivity
96.60 W/m·K15.80 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.7 Critical Temperature
17.9 Thermal Expansion
30.80 µm/(m·K)10.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.11 Enthalpy
17.11.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
100.00 kJ/mol314.20 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.11.3 Enthalpy of Fusion
6.19 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.11.5 Enthalpy of Atomization
113.00 kJ/mol343.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.13 Standard Molar Entropy
51.80 J/mol.K34.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1