Symbol
Ca
Pd
Group Number
210
0
17
👆🏻
Period Number
45
2
7
👆🏻
Block
s block
d block
Element Family
Alkaline Earth
Transition Metal
CAS Number
74407027440053
7429905
54386242
👆🏻
Space Group Name
Fm_ 3m
Fm_ 3m
Space Group Number
225.00225.00
11
276
👆🏻
Interesting Facts
- Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.
- It is found in the compound state.
- Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.
- Palladium alloys are used for Jewelry contains (95% Palladium and 5% Ruthenium)
- In the late 1800s, Palladium metal used have more economical value than the Platinum metal.
- Palladium element is known as a good catalyst
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Ores of metals
History
Who Discovered
Humphry Davy
William Hyde Wollaston
Discovery
In 1808
In 1803
Abundance
Abundance In Universe
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.11
👆🏻
Abundance In Sun
0.01 %0.00 %
0
0.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Meteorites
1.10 %0.00 %
0
22
👆🏻
Abundance In Earth's Crust
5.00 %0.00 %
1E-37
8.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %-
0
1.1
👆🏻
Abundance In Humans
1.40 %0.00 %
0
1.4
👆🏻
Uses & Benefits
- It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
- Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.
- Mostly palladium metal is used in catalytic converters. In electronic industry it is used in ceramic capacitors of mobile and computer.
- It is used in jewellery and dental fillings and crowns.
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electronic Industry
Medical Uses
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry
Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Surgical Instruments Manufacturing
Other Uses
Alloys
Coinage, Bullion, Jewellery
Biological Properties
Toxicity
Non Toxic
Toxic
Present in Human Body
✔
✘
✔
✘
In Blood
60.50 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
👆🏻
In Bone
170,000.00 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
0
170000
👆🏻
Melting Point
839.00 °C1,554.90 °C
-38.83
3410
👆🏻
Boiling Point
1,484.00 °C2,963.00 °C
0
5660
👆🏻
Appearance
Physical State
Solid
Solid
Color
Gray
Silver
Luster
-
Metallic
Hardness
Mohs Hardness
1.754.75
0.2
8.5
👆🏻
Brinell Hardness
170.00 MPa320.00 MPa
0.14
3490
👆🏻
Vickers Hardness
170.00 MPa121.00 MPa
0
3920
👆🏻
Speed of Sound
3,810.00 m/s3,070.00 m/s
818
16200
👆🏻
Optical Properties
Refractive Index
1.541.72
0.155
3.41
👆🏻
Reflectivity
60.00 %84.00 %
5
97
👆🏻
Allotropes
✔
✘
✔
✘
α Allotropes
-
-
β Allotropes
-
-
γ Allotropes
-
-
Chemical Formula
Ca
Pd
Isotopes
Known Isotopes
1938
0
38
👆🏻
Electronegativity
Pauling Electronegativity
1.002.20
0
2.6
👆🏻
Sanderson Electronegativity
0.952.20
0.22
2.56
👆🏻
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.041.35
0.86
1.9
👆🏻
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
1.082.20
0.62
2.48
👆🏻
Allen Electronegativity
1.031.59
0.659
2.7
👆🏻
Electropositivity
Pauling Electropositivity
3.001.80
1.46
3.3
👆🏻
Ionization Energies
1st Energy Level
589.80 kJ/mol520.23 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
👆🏻
2nd Energy Level
1,145.40 kJ/mol7,298.22 kJ/mol
392.8
28750
👆🏻
3rd Energy Level
4,912.40 kJ/mol11,815.13 kJ/mol
392.8
34230
👆🏻
4th Energy Level
6,491.00 kJ/mol870.00 kJ/mol
375.7
37066
👆🏻
5th Energy Level
8,153.00 kJ/mol8,044.00 kJ/mol
392
97510
👆🏻
6th Energy Level
10,496.00 kJ/mol8,044.00 kJ/mol
1007
105800
👆🏻
7th Energy level
12,270.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
1007
114300
👆🏻
8th Energy Level
14,206.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
730
125300
👆🏻
9th Energy Level
18,191.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
1007
134700
👆🏻
10th Energy Level
20,385.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
392
144300
👆🏻
11th Energy Level
57,110.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
392
169988
👆🏻
12th Energy Level
63,410.00 kJ/mol8,040.00 kJ/mol
0
189368
👆🏻
13th Energy Level
70,110.00 kJ/mol5,310.00 kJ/mol
1007
76015
👆🏻
14th Energy Level
78,890.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
380
86450
👆🏻
15th Energy Level
86,310.00 kJ/mol80,400.00 kJ/mol
33000
100700
👆🏻
16th Energy Level
94,000.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
109480
👆🏻
17th Energy Level
104,900.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
122200
👆🏻
18th Energy Level
111,711.00 kJ/mol8,045.00 kJ/mol
0
134810
👆🏻
19th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
148700
👆🏻
20th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
0
171200
👆🏻
21st Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
375.7
179100
👆🏻
22nd Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
330
184900
👆🏻
23rd Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
357.6
198800
👆🏻
24th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
297.3
195200
👆🏻
25th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
121900
👆🏻
26th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
357.6
127700
👆🏻
27th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
133800
👆🏻
28th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
297.3
139800
👆🏻
29th Energy Level
590.60 kJ/mol804.40 kJ/mol
0
148100
👆🏻
30th Energy Level
590.00 kJ/mol804.00 kJ/mol
0
154500
👆🏻
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.75 g/amp-hr1.99 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
👆🏻
Electron Work Function
2.87 eV5.12 eV
2.14
6
👆🏻
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility
Chemical Stability, Corrosion, Ionization, Solubility
Atomic Number
2046
3
117
👆🏻
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 4s2
[Kr] 4d10
Crystal Structure
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Crystal Lattice
Atom
Number of Protons
2046
3
117
👆🏻
Number of Neutrons
2060
4
285
👆🏻
Number of Electrons
2046
3
117
👆🏻
Radius of an Atom
Atomic Radius
197.00 pm137.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Covalent Radius
176.00 pm139.00 pm
0
260
👆🏻
Van der Waals Radius
231.00 pm163.00 pm
0
348
👆🏻
Atomic Weight
40.08 amu106.42 amu
6.94
294
👆🏻
Atomic Volume
29.90 cm3/mol8.90 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
👆🏻
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
Previous Element
Next Element
Valence Electron Potential
29.00 (-eV)33.00 (-eV)
0
392.42
👆🏻
Lattice Constant
558.84 pm389.07 pm
0
891.25
👆🏻
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2
π/2, π/2, π/2
Lattice C/A Ratio
1.551.56
0.423
1.9
👆🏻
Density
Density At Room Temperature
1.55 g/cm312.02 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
👆🏻
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
1.38 g/cm310.38 g/cm3
0.512
41
👆🏻
Tensile Strength
20.00 MPa550.00 MPa
0.1
11000
👆🏻
Viscosity
0.000.00
1.5E-05
0.0035
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
25.50 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
121
👆🏻
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
0
774
👆🏻
Elasticity properties
Shear Modulus
7.40 GPa44.00 GPa
1.3
222
👆🏻
Bulk Modulus
17.00 GPa180.00 GPa
0
462
👆🏻
Young's Modulus
20.00 GPa121.00 GPa
0
528
👆🏻
Poisson Ratio
0.310.39
0.032
0.47
👆🏻
Other Mechanical Properties
-
Ductile, Malleable, Weldable
Magnetic Characteristics
Specific Gravity
4.5812.02
0.53
4500
👆🏻
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic
Diamagnetic
Permeability
0.00 H/m0.00 H/m
1.25643E-06
0.0063
👆🏻
Susceptibility
0.000.00
-0.000166
200000
👆🏻
Electrical Properties
Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
Resistivity
33.60 nΩ·m105.40 nΩ·m
0.1
961
👆🏻
Electrical Conductivity
0.30 106/cm Ω0.10 106/cm Ω
0
0.63
👆🏻
Electron Affinity
2.37 kJ/mol54.23 kJ/mol
0
222.8
👆🏻
Specific Heat
0.63 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)
0.1
3.6
👆🏻
Molar Heat Capacity
25.93 J/mol·K25.98 J/mol·K
13.1
62.7
👆🏻
Thermal Conductivity
201.00 W/m·K71.80 W/m·K
0
429
👆🏻
Critical Temperature
1,115.00 K1,825.00 K
26.3
3695
👆🏻
Thermal Expansion
22.30 µm/(m·K)11.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
👆🏻
Enthalpy
Enthalpy of Vaporization
150.00 kJ/mol376.60 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Fusion
8.54 kJ/mol16.74 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
👆🏻
Enthalpy of Atomization
184.00 kJ/mol393.30 kJ/mol
61.5
837
👆🏻
Standard Molar Entropy
41.60 J/mol.K37.60 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1
👆🏻