Calcium

Rhodium

Calcium vs Rhodium

Calcium

Rhodium

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1 Periodic Table

1.1 Symbol

1.2 Group Number

0 17

1.4 Period Number

2 7

1.7 Block

s block

d block

1.8 Element Family

Alkaline Earth

Transition Metal

1.9 CAS Number

74407027440166

7429905 54386242

1.11 Space Group Name

Fm_ 3m

1.12 Space Group Number

225.00225.00

11 229

3 Facts

3.1 Interesting Facts

Calcium ranks 5th rank in the list of earth’s abundance Percentage.

It is found in the compound state.

Gypsum or calcium sulfate is used as plaster and plaster of paris.

Rhodium is the rarest element out of all non-radioactive metals on the earth .
Rhodium is one of the most durable and hard metal, which also have high reflectance.

3.2 Sources

Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals

Earth's crust, Found As a By-product, Found in Minerals, Mining

3.3 History

3.3.1 Who Discovered

Humphry Davy

William Hyde Wollaston

3.3.2 Discovery

In 1808

In 1804

3.4 Abundance

3.4.1 Abundance In Universe

7 * 10^-3 %6 * 10^-8 %

5E-09 0.11

3.4.5 Abundance In Sun

~0.007 %~0.0000002 %

1E-08 0.1

3.7.2 Abundance In Meteorites

1.10 %0.00 %

1.7E-07 22

3.7.5 Abundance In Earth's Crust

5.00 %0.00 %

9.9E-12 8.1

3.8.4 Abundance In Oceans

0.00 %NA

2E-23 1.1

3.8.7 Abundance In Humans

1.40 %NA

1E-13 1.4

4 Uses

4.1 Uses & Benefits

It is used as a reducing agent while preparing metals like thorium and uranium. It is also used as an alloying agent for metals such as aluminum, copper & lead.
Calcium carbonate or lime stone is used in cement.

Rhodium metal is mainly used in catalytic converters for cars as it reduces nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases.

It is used as an industrial catalyst for nitric acid, acetic acid, hydrogenation reaction, etc.

4.1.2 Industrial Uses

Chemical Industry

Aerospace Industry, Automobile Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry

4.1.3 Medical Uses

Dentistry, Pharmaceutical Industry

4.1.4 Other Uses

Alloys

4.2 Biological Properties

4.2.1 Toxicity

Non Toxic

5.1.1 Present in Human Body

✔ ✘

5.1.2 In Blood

60.50 Blood/mg dm-3NA

0 1970

5.1.9 In Bone

170,000.00 p.p.m.NA

0 170000

6 Physical

6.1 Melting Point

839.00 °C1,966.00 °C

27 3410

6.2 Boiling Point

1,484.00 °C3,727.00 °C

147 5660

7.2 Appearance

7.2.1 Physical State

Solid

7.2.2 Color

Gray

Silvery White

7.2.3 Luster

Metallic

7.3 Hardness

7.3.1 Mohs Hardness

1.756.00

0.2 8.5

8.2.1 Brinell Hardness

170.00 MPa980.00 MPa

0.14 3490

8.6.2 Vickers Hardness

NA1,100.00 MPa

121 3430

8.9 Speed of Sound

3,810.00 m/s4,700.00 m/s

818 16200

8.10 Optical Properties

8.10.1 Refractive Index

NANA

1.000933 1.7229

8.10.4 Reflectivity

NA84.00 %

58 97

8.11 Allotropes

✔ ✘

8.11.1 α Allotropes

Not Available

8.11.2 β Allotropes

Not Available

8.11.3 γ Allotropes

Not Available

9 Chemical

9.1 Chemical Formula

9.2 Isotopes

9.2.1 Known Isotopes

1916

0 38

9.4 Electronegativity

9.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity

1.002.28

0.7 2.54

9.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity

0.95NA

0.22 2.56

9.5.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity

1.041.45

0.86 1.82

9.5.5 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity

1.08NA

0.62 2.48

9.5.6 Allen Electronegativity

1.031.56

0.659 2.7

9.7 Electropositivity

9.7.1 Pauling Electropositivity

3.001.72

1.46 3.3

9.8 Ionization Energies

9.8.1 1st Energy Level

589.80 kJ/mol719.70 kJ/mol

375.7 26130

9.8.2 2nd Energy Level

1,145.40 kJ/mol1,740.00 kJ/mol

710.2162 28750

9.9.1 3rd Energy Level

4,912.40 kJ/mol2,997.00 kJ/mol

1600 34230

9.9.2 4th Energy Level

6,491.00 kJ/molNA

2780 37066

9.9.3 5th Energy Level

8,153.00 kJ/molNA

4305.2 97510

9.11.1 6th Energy Level

10,496.00 kJ/molNA

5715.8 105800

9.12.1 7th Energy level

12,270.00 kJ/molNA

7226.8 114300

9.12.2 8th Energy Level

14,206.00 kJ/molNA

8857.4 125300

9.12.3 9th Energy Level

18,191.00 kJ/molNA

14110 134700

9.14.1 10th Energy Level

20,385.00 kJ/molNA

17100 144300

10.1.2 11th Energy Level

57,110.00 kJ/molNA

19900 169988

10.1.3 12th Energy Level

63,410.00 kJ/molNA

22219 189368

10.1.5 13th Energy Level

70,110.00 kJ/molNA

26930 76015

10.1.6 14th Energy Level

78,890.00 kJ/molNA

29196 86450

10.2.1 15th Energy Level

86,310.00 kJ/molNA

41987 97510

10.4.2 16th Energy Level

94,000.00 kJ/molNA

47206 109480

10.4.3 17th Energy Level

104,900.00 kJ/molNA

52737 122200

10.4.5 18th Energy Level

111,711.00 kJ/molNA

58570 134810

10.5.2 19th Energy Level

NANA

64702 148700

10.5.3 20th Energy Level

NANA

80400 171200

10.5.5 21st Energy Level

NANA

87000 179100

10.5.6 22nd Energy Level

NANA

93400 184900

10.5.8 23rd Energy Level

NANA

98420 198800

10.5.9 24th Energy Level

NANA

104400 195200

10.6.1 25th Energy Level

NANA

121900 121900

10.6.2 26th Energy Level

NANA

127700 127700

11.1.2 27th Energy Level

NANA

133800 133800

11.1.5 28th Energy Level

NANA

139800 139800

11.1.6 29th Energy Level

NANA

148100 148100

11.1.8 30th Energy Level

NANA

154500 154500

11.3 Electrochemical Equivalent

0.75 g/amp-hr1.28 g/amp-hr

0.16812 8.3209

11.4 Electron Work Function

2.87 eV4.98 eV

2.14 5.65

11.5 Other Chemical Properties

Chemical Stability, Flammability, Ionization, Solubility

Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes

12 Atomic

12.1 Atomic Number

2045

3 117

13.2 Electron Configuration

[Ar] 4s²

[Kr] 4d⁸ 5s¹

13.3 Crystal Structure

Face Centered Cubic (FCC)

13.3.1 Crystal Lattice

13.4 Atom

13.4.1 Number of Protons

2045

3 117

13.5.1 Number of Neutrons

2058

4 184

13.6.1 Number of Electrons

2045

3 117

13.8 Radius of an Atom

13.8.1 Atomic Radius

197.00 pm134.00 pm

112 265

13.8.2 Covalent Radius

176.00 pm142.00 pm

96 260

13.9.1 Van der Waals Radius

231.00 pm200.00 pm

139 348

13.11 Atomic Weight

40.08 amu102.91 amu

6.94 294

13.12 Atomic Volume

29.90 cm3/mol8.30 cm3/mol

1.39 71.07

13.13 Adjacent Atomic Numbers

13.13.1 Previous Element

13.13.2 Next Element

13.14 Valence Electron Potential

29.00 (-eV)64.00 (-eV)

8 392.42

13.15 Lattice Constant

558.84 pm380.34 pm

228.58 891.25

13.17 Lattice Angles

π/2, π/2, π/2

13.18 Lattice C/A Ratio

NANA

1.567 1.886

14 Mechanical

14.1 Density

14.1.1 Density At Room Temperature

1.55 g/cm³12.41 g/cm³

0.534 40.7

14.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)

1.38 g/cm310.70 g/cm3

0.512 20

14.2 Tensile Strength

NA951.00 MPa

2.5 11000

14.3 Viscosity

NANA

0.001526 0.001526

14.4 Vapor Pressure

14.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K

25.50 (Pa)NA

2.47E-11 121

14.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K

NA0.02 (Pa)

2.62E-10 774

14.5 Elasticity properties

14.5.1 Shear Modulus

7.40 GPa150.00 GPa

1.3 222

14.5.2 Bulk Modulus

17.00 GPa275.00 GPa

1.6 462

14.5.3 Young's Modulus

20.00 GPa380.00 GPa

1.7 528

14.6 Poisson Ratio

0.310.26

0.032 0.47

14.7 Other Mechanical Properties

Malleable

15 Magnetic

15.1 Magnetic Characteristics

15.1.1 Specific Gravity

4.5812.41

0.53 4500

15.1.2 Magnetic Ordering

Diamagnetic

Paramagnetic

15.1.3 Permeability

NANA

1.25643E-06 0.0063

15.1.4 Susceptibility

NANA

-0.000166 200000

15.2 Electrical Properties

15.2.1 Electrical Property

Conductor

15.2.2 Resistivity

33.60 nΩ·m43.30 nΩ·m

0.18 961

15.2.3 Electrical Conductivity

0.30 10⁶/cm Ω0.21 10⁶/cm Ω

0.00666 0.63

15.2.4 Electron Affinity

2.37 kJ/mol109.70 kJ/mol

0 222.8

16 Thermal

16.1 Specific Heat

0.63 J/(kg K)0.24 J/(kg K)

0.11 3.6

16.2 Molar Heat Capacity

25.93 J/mol·K24.98 J/mol·K

16.443 62.7

16.3 Thermal Conductivity

201.00 W/m·K150.00 W/m·K

6.3 429

16.4 Critical Temperature

NANA

26.3 3223

16.5 Thermal Expansion

22.30 µm/(m·K)8.20 µm/(m·K)

4.5 97

16.6 Enthalpy

16.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization

150.00 kJ/mol495.40 kJ/mol

7.32 799.1

16.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion

8.54 kJ/mol21.76 kJ/mol

2.1 35.23

16.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization

184.00 kJ/mol556.50 kJ/mol

61.5 837

16.7 Standard Molar Entropy

41.60 J/mol.K31.50 J/mol.K

9.5 198.1

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