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Californium vs Gallium

Californium
Gallium
Gallium vs Californium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Cf   
Ga   
Group Number
Not Available   
13   
5
Period Number
7   
4   
Block
f block   
p block   
Element Family
Actinide   
Post-​Transition   
CAS Number
7440713   
20
7440553   
32
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Cmca   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
64.00   
9
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
Sources
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Discovery
In 1950   
In 1875   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
Not Available   
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Abundance In Sun
~-9999 %   
~0.000004 %   
16
Abundance In Meteorites
Not Available   
0.00 %   
16
Abundance In Earth's Crust
Not Available   
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Oceans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
22
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
NA   
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
Other Uses
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Toxic   
Non Toxic   
Present in Human Body
No   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
In Bone
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Not Available   
Physical Properties
Melting Point
900.00 °C   
99+
29.78 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
1,470.00 °C   
99+
2,403.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silver   
Silvery White   
Luster
NA   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
3.00   
12
1.50   
18
Brinell Hardness
Not Available   
56.80 MPa   
99+
Speed of Sound
Not Available   
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Cf   
Ga   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
20   
19
24   
15
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.30   
32
1.81   
15
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.42   
2
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.20   
27
1.82   
1
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.01   
5
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.76   
14
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.70   
22
2.19   
39
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
3rd Energy Level
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
4th Energy Level
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
Electrochemical Equivalent
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
Not Available   
4.20 eV   
23
Other Chemical Properties
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
98   
20
31   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
98   
20
31   
99+
Number of Neutrons
153   
9
39   
99+
Number of Electrons
98   
20
31   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
186.00 pm   
9
135.00 pm   
99+
Covalent Radius
Not Available   
122.00 pm   
99+
Van der Waals Radius
Not Available   
187.00 pm   
32
Atomic Weight
251.00 amu   
17
69.72 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
Not Available   
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Berkelium
  
Zinc
  
Next Element
Einsteinium
  
Rubidium
  
Valence Electron Potential
44.50 (-eV)   
38
69.70 (-eV)   
19
Lattice Constant
338.00 pm   
99+
451.97 pm   
18
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
15.10 g/cm3   
21
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
Not Available   
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
Not Available   
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
Not Available   
9.80 GPa   
99+
Poisson Ratio
Not Available   
0.47   
1
Other Mechanical Properties
Malleable, Sectile   
NA   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
15.10   
13
5.91   
99+
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Diamagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Unknown   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
Not Available   
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Electrical Conductivity
Not Available   
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Electron Affinity
Not Available   
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
Not Available   
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Molar Heat Capacity
Not Available   
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Thermal Conductivity
Not Available   
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
Not Available   
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
Not Available   
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Enthalpy of Fusion
Not Available   
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Enthalpy of Atomization
Not Available   
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Standard Molar Entropy
Not Available   
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
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