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Gallium vs Californium

Gallium
Californium
Californium vs Gallium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ga   
Cf   
Group Number
13   
5
Not Available   
Period Number
4   
7   
Block
p block   
f block   
Element Family
Post-​Transition   
Actinide   
CAS Number
7440553   
32
7440713   
20
Space Group Name
Cmca   
P63/mmc   
Space Group Number
64.00   
9
194.00   
5
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • A gram of Gallium metal can be bought for only three dollars.
  • Gallium metal found in ores of following things Coal, Bauxite, Diaspore, Sphalerite, Germanite and Zinc.
  
  • Californium metal is very harmful and highly radioactive.
  • Californium metal is the heaviest metal.
  
Sources
Earth's crust, Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Made by Bombarding Curium with Helium Ions   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Lecoq de Boisbaudran   
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory   
Discovery
In 1875   
In 1950   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Sun
~0.000004 %   
16
~-9999 %   
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
16
Not Available   
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.00 %   
24
Not Available   
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
22
Not Available   
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • Gallium arsenide is a very important component of many semiconductors and led manufacturing.
  • Gallium nitride is also know as a semiconductor and it is used in Blu-ray technology, mobile smartphones and LED.
  
  • Californium metal has a very strong neutron emitter. It is used as a metal detector.
  • It also used as an identifier to check Water and oil layers in oil wells.
  
Industrial Uses
Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Chemical Industry   
Medical Uses
Surgical Instruments Manufacturing   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys, Nuclear Research   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Non Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
No   
In Blood
0.08 Blood/mg dm-3   
13
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
37
In Bone
Not Available   
0.00 p.p.m.   
36
Physical Properties
Melting Point
29.78 °C   
99+
900.00 °C   
99+
Boiling Point
2,403.00 °C   
99+
1,470.00 °C   
99+
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Silver   
Luster
Metallic   
NA   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
1.50   
18
3.00   
12
Brinell Hardness
56.80 MPa   
99+
Not Available   
Speed of Sound
2,740.00 m/s   
31
Not Available   
Optical Properties
  
  
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ga   
Cf   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
24   
15
20   
19
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.81   
15
1.30   
32
Sanderson Electronegativity
2.42   
2
Not Available   
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.82   
1
1.20   
27
Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
2.01   
5
Not Available   
Allen Electronegativity
1.76   
14
Not Available   
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.19   
39
2.70   
22
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
578.80 kJ/mol   
99+
608.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2nd Energy Level
1,979.30 kJ/mol   
13
1,206.00 kJ/mol   
99+
3rd Energy Level
2,963.00 kJ/mol   
28
2,267.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
6,180.00 kJ/mol   
8
3,599.00 kJ/mol   
99+
Electrochemical Equivalent
0.87 g/amp-hr   
99+
3.12 g/amp-hr   
15
Electron Work Function
4.20 eV   
23
Not Available   
Other Chemical Properties
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes   
Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
31   
99+
98   
20
Electron Configuration
[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1   
[Rn] 5f10 7s2   
Crystal Structure
Orthorhombic (ORTH)   
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Crystal Lattice
ORTH-Crystal-Structure-of-Gallium.jpg#100   
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Californium.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
31   
99+
98   
20
Number of Neutrons
39   
99+
153   
9
Number of Electrons
31   
99+
98   
20
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
135.00 pm   
99+
186.00 pm   
9
Covalent Radius
122.00 pm   
99+
Not Available   
Van der Waals Radius
187.00 pm   
32
Not Available   
Atomic Weight
69.72 amu   
99+
251.00 amu   
17
Atomic Volume
11.80 cm3/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Zinc
  
Berkelium
  
Next Element
Rubidium
  
Einsteinium
  
Valence Electron Potential
69.70 (-eV)   
19
44.50 (-eV)   
38
Lattice Constant
451.97 pm   
18
338.00 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, π/2   
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
5.91 g/cm3   
99+
15.10 g/cm3   
21
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.10 g/cm3   
99+
Not Available   
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
Not Available   
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
15
Not Available   
Elasticity properties
  
  
Young's Modulus
9.80 GPa   
99+
Not Available   
Poisson Ratio
0.47   
1
Not Available   
Other Mechanical Properties
NA   
Malleable, Sectile   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
5.91   
99+
15.10   
13
Magnetic Ordering
Diamagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Semiconductor   
Unknown   
Resistivity
270.00 nΩ·m   
15
Not Available   
Electrical Conductivity
0.07 106/cm Ω   
29
Not Available   
Electron Affinity
28.90 kJ/mol   
31
Not Available   
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.37 J/(kg K)   
16
Not Available   
Molar Heat Capacity
25.86 J/mol·K   
35
Not Available   
Thermal Conductivity
40.60 W/m·K   
34
Not Available   
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
18.00 µm/(m·K)   
24
Not Available   
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
256.10 kJ/mol   
36
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.59 kJ/mol   
99+
Not Available   
Enthalpy of Atomization
276.10 kJ/mol   
39
Not Available   
Standard Molar Entropy
40.80 J/mol.K   
38
Not Available   
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