1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440520
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Erbium metal is used as alloyed with Vanadium to make it softer.
- Recent studies shows that it is helpful for metabolism.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Mining
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Carl Gustaf Mosander
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %2 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.4 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000001 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.7 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.10 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.13 Abundance In Oceans
2.5.1 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- It has a tendency to get tarnished in the open air, but when alloyed with elements like erbium, vanadium, its hardness levels decreases.
- Its compounds like Erbium oxide is used in safety glasses of welders and metal workers.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Chemical Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Mildly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.1.1 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C1,522.00 °C
27
3410
5.5 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C2,510.00 °C
147
5660
5.6 Appearance
5.6.1 Physical State
5.6.2 Color
Silvery White
Silvery White
5.6.3 Luster
5.7 Hardness
5.7.1 Mohs Hardness
5.8.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa814.00 MPa
0.14
3490
5.8.4 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa589.00 MPa
121
3430
5.9 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s2,830.00 m/s
818
16200
5.11 Optical Properties
5.11.1 Refractive Index
5.12.1 Reflectivity
5.13 Allotropes
5.13.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.13.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5.14.2 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
6 Chemical
6.1 Chemical Formula
6.2 Isotopes
6.2.1 Known Isotopes
6.4 Electronegativity
6.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
6.5.1 Sanderson Electronegativity
7.1.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
7.1.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
7.1.5 Allen Electronegativity
7.4 Electropositivity
7.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
7.6 Ionization Energies
7.6.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol589.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
7.6.3 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,150.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
7.7.2 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol2,194.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
7.7.3 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
7.7.5 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
7.7.7 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
7.7.8 7th Energy level
7.8.1 8th Energy Level
8.1.4 9th Energy Level
8.1.6 10th Energy Level
8.2.3 11th Energy Level
8.2.4 12th Energy Level
8.2.7 13th Energy Level
8.2.8 14th Energy Level
9.1.1 15th Energy Level
9.2.1 16th Energy Level
9.3.1 17th Energy Level
9.4.1 18th Energy Level
9.5.1 19th Energy Level
9.5.2 20th Energy Level
9.6.2 21st Energy Level
9.6.3 22nd Energy Level
9.6.5 23rd Energy Level
9.6.6 24th Energy Level
9.6.7 25th Energy Level
9.6.9 26th Energy Level
9.6.10 27th Energy Level
9.7.1 28th Energy Level
9.7.2 29th Energy Level
9.7.3 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr2.08 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f12 6s2
10.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.3.1 Crystal Lattice
10.4 Atom
10.4.1 Number of Protons
10.4.2 Number of Neutrons
10.4.3 Number of Electrons
10.5 Radius of an Atom
10.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm176.00 pm
112
265
10.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm189.00 pm
96
260
10.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
10.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu167.26 amu
6.94
294
10.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol18.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
10.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
10.8.1 Previous Element
10.8.2 Next Element
10.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)49.00 (-eV)
8
392.42
10.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm355.88 pm
228.58
891.25
10.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
10.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
11 Mechanical
11.1 Density
11.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm39.07 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
11.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm38.86 g/cm3
0.512
20
11.2 Tensile Strength
11.3 Viscosity
11.4 Vapor Pressure
11.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
11.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
11.5 Elasticity properties
11.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa28.30 GPa
1.3
222
11.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa44.40 GPa
1.6
462
11.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa69.90 GPa
1.7
528
11.6 Poisson Ratio
11.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Malleable
12 Magnetic
12.1 Magnetic Characteristics
12.1.1 Specific Gravity
12.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
12.1.3 Permeability
12.1.4 Susceptibility
12.2 Electrical Properties
12.2.1 Electrical Property
12.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m0.86 nΩ·m
0.18
961
12.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.01 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
12.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
13 Thermal
13.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.17 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
13.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K28.12 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
13.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K14.50 W/m·K
6.3
429
13.4 Critical Temperature
13.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)12.20 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
13.6 Enthalpy
13.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol261.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
13.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol17.20 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
13.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol314.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
13.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K73.10 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1