1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440304
7429905
54386242
1.3 Space Group Name
1.4 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Thulium metal can resist corrosion due to dry air .
- Only Tm-169 isotope of Thulium metal occur naturally.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Per Teodor Cleve
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %1 * 10-8 %
5E-09
0.11
2.7.1 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.00000002 %
1E-08
0.1
2.9.1 Abundance In Meteorites
2.9.2 Abundance In Earth's Crust
3.4.2 Abundance In Oceans
3.4.4 Abundance In Humans
4 Uses
4.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Thulium metal produces isotopes that emits X-rays. This isotope is used in X-ray machine.
-
Thulium element is also used in Surgical equipment like laser.
4.1.1 Industrial Uses
4.1.2 Medical Uses
4.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
Alloys, Nuclear Research, Research Purposes
4.2 Biological Properties
4.2.1 Toxicity
4.2.2 Present in Human Body
4.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3NA
0
1970
4.2.5 In Bone
5 Physical
5.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C1,545.00 °C
27
3410
5.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C1,730.00 °C
147
5660
6.3 Appearance
6.3.1 Physical State
6.3.3 Color
Silvery White
Silvery Gray
6.3.4 Luster
6.4 Hardness
6.4.1 Mohs Hardness
7.1.1 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa471.00 MPa
0.14
3490
7.2.1 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa520.00 MPa
121
3430
7.5 Speed of Sound
7.6 Optical Properties
7.6.1 Refractive Index
7.6.2 Reflectivity
7.7 Allotropes
7.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
7.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
8 Chemical
8.1 Chemical Formula
8.2 Isotopes
8.2.1 Known Isotopes
8.4 Electronegativity
8.4.1 Pauling Electronegativity
8.5.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
9.2.2 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
9.2.3 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
9.3.2 Allen Electronegativity
9.4 Electropositivity
9.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
9.5 Ionization Energies
9.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol596.70 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
9.5.3 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,160.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
9.5.5 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol2,285.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
9.6.2 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,120.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
9.7.2 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
4305.2
97510
9.7.4 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
5715.8
105800
9.7.6 7th Energy level
9.7.8 8th Energy Level
9.7.10 9th Energy Level
9.7.12 10th Energy Level
9.7.14 11th Energy Level
9.7.16 12th Energy Level
9.7.18 13th Energy Level
9.7.20 14th Energy Level
9.7.22 15th Energy Level
9.7.24 16th Energy Level
9.7.26 17th Energy Level
9.7.28 18th Energy Level
9.7.29 19th Energy Level
9.7.31 20th Energy Level
9.7.33 21st Energy Level
9.7.35 22nd Energy Level
9.7.37 23rd Energy Level
9.7.39 24th Energy Level
9.7.40 25th Energy Level
9.7.42 26th Energy Level
9.7.44 27th Energy Level
9.7.46 28th Energy Level
9.7.48 29th Energy Level
9.7.50 30th Energy Level
9.8 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr2.10 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
9.9 Electron Work Function
9.10 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
10 Atomic
10.1 Atomic Number
10.3 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Xe] 4f13 6s2
10.4 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Hexagonal Close Packed (HCP)
10.4.1 Crystal Lattice
10.5 Atom
10.5.1 Number of Protons
10.6.1 Number of Neutrons
11.1.1 Number of Electrons
11.5 Radius of an Atom
11.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm176.00 pm
112
265
11.5.3 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm160.00 pm
96
260
11.5.4 Van der Waals Radius
11.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu168.93 amu
6.94
294
11.8 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol18.10 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
11.9 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
11.9.1 Previous Element
11.9.2 Next Element
11.10 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)49.70 (-eV)
8
392.42
11.12 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm353.75 pm
228.58
891.25
11.14 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
11.15 Lattice C/A Ratio
12 Mechanical
12.1 Density
12.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm39.32 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
12.3.1 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm38.56 g/cm3
0.512
20
12.7 Tensile Strength
13.2 Viscosity
13.3 Vapor Pressure
13.3.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)0.06 (Pa)
2.47E-11
121
13.3.3 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
13.5 Elasticity properties
13.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa30.50 GPa
1.3
222
13.6.1 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa44.50 GPa
1.6
462
13.7.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa74.00 GPa
1.7
528
13.9 Poisson Ratio
13.10 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Malleable
14 Magnetic
14.1 Magnetic Characteristics
14.1.1 Specific Gravity
14.1.3 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
14.1.4 Permeability
14.1.5 Susceptibility
14.3 Electrical Properties
14.3.1 Electrical Property
14.3.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m676.00 nΩ·m
0.18
961
15.1.4 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.02 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
15.1.6 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol50.00 kJ/mol
0
222.8
16 Thermal
16.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.16 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
16.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K27.03 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
16.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K16.90 W/m·K
6.3
429
17.2 Critical Temperature
17.4 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)13.30 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
17.6 Enthalpy
17.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol191.00 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
17.7.1 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol16.80 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
17.8.1 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol247.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
17.10 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K74.00 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1