1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
1.2 Group Number
1.3 Period Number
1.4 Block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Transition Metal
1.6 CAS Number
74404517439987
7429905
54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
1.8 Space Group Number
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
- Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
- It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
- Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
- Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
- Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
2.3.2 Discovery
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %5 * 10-7 %
5E-09
0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~0.0000009 %
1E-08
0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
- It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
- Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
- Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
- Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry
3.1.2 Medical Uses
3.1.3 Other Uses
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
0
1970
3.2.4 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.0.70 p.p.m.
0
170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C2,617.00 °C
27
3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C4,612.00 °C
147
5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
4.3.2 Color
4.3.3 Luster
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa1,370.00 MPa
0.14
3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa1,400.00 MPa
121
3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s5,400.00 m/s
818
16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
4.6.2 Reflectivity
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol684.30 kJ/mol
375.7
26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,560.00 kJ/mol
710.2162
28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol2,618.00 kJ/mol
1600
34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol4,480.00 kJ/mol
2780
37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol5,257.00 kJ/mol
4305.2
97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol6,640.80 kJ/mol
5715.8
105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NA12,125.00 kJ/mol
7226.8
114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NA13,860.00 kJ/mol
8857.4
125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NA15,835.00 kJ/mol
14110
134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NA17,980.00 kJ/mol
17100
144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NA20,190.00 kJ/mol
19900
169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NA22,219.00 kJ/mol
22219
189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NA26,930.00 kJ/mol
26930
76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NA29,196.00 kJ/mol
29196
86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NA52,490.00 kJ/mol
41987
97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NA55,000.00 kJ/mol
47206
109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NA61,400.00 kJ/mol
52737
122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NA67,700.00 kJ/mol
58570
134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NA74,000.00 kJ/mol
64702
148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NA80,400.00 kJ/mol
80400
171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NA87,000.00 kJ/mol
87000
179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NA93,400.00 kJ/mol
93400
184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NA98,420.00 kJ/mol
98420
198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NA104,400.00 kJ/mol
104400
195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NA121,900.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
121900
121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NA127,700.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
127700
127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NA133,800.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
133800
133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NA139,800.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
139800
139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NA148,100.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
148100
148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NA154,500.00 kJ/mol
<%ToolTipProdName%>
<%ToolTipProdLink%>
<%ToolTipCmpLink%>
154500
154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr0.89 g/amp-hr
0.16812
8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Kr] 4d5 5s1
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm139.00 pm
112
265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm154.00 pm
96
260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm200.00 pm
139
348
6.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu95.95 amu
6.94
294
6.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol9.40 cm3/mol
1.39
71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)88.60 (-eV)
8
392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm314.70 pm
228.58
891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm310.28 g/cm3
0.534
40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm39.33 g/cm3
0.512
20
7.2 Tensile Strength
7.3 Viscosity
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)0.00 (Pa)
2.62E-10
774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa126.00 GPa
1.3
222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa230.00 GPa
1.6
462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa329.00 GPa
1.7
528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Ductile, Weldable
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
8.1.4 Susceptibility
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
8.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m53.40 nΩ·m
0.18
961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.19 106/cm Ω
0.00666
0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol71.90 kJ/mol
0
222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.25 J/(kg K)
0.11
3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K24.06 J/mol·K
16.443
62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K138.00 W/m·K
6.3
429
9.4 Critical Temperature
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)4.80 µm/(m·K)
4.5
97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol594.10 kJ/mol
7.32
799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol27.61 kJ/mol
2.1
35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol653.00 kJ/mol
61.5
837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K28.70 J/mol.K
9.5
198.1