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Cerium vs Molybdenum

Cerium
Molybdenum
Molybdenum vs Cerium


Periodic Table
Symbol
Ce   
Mo   
Group Number
Not Available   
6   
12
Period Number
6   
5   
Block
f block   
d block   
Element Family
Lanthanide   
Transition Metal   
CAS Number
7440451   
99+
7439987   
99+
Space Group Name
P63/mmc   
Im_ 3m   
Space Group Number
194.00   
5
229.00   
1
Facts
Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  
  • Molybdenum is highly reactive metal, hence not found free in nature .
  • Till 18th century Molybdenum element were often mistaken as a carbon or Lead.
  
Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals   
History
  
  
Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger   
Carl Wilhelm Scheele   
Discovery
In 1803   
In 1778   
Abundance
  
  
Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %   
16
5 * 10-7 %   
19
Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %   
23
~0.0000009 %   
19
Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %   
27
0.00 %   
24
Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %   
18
0.00 %   
39
Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %   
33
0.00 %   
9
Abundance In Humans
Not Available   
0.00 %   
14
Uses
Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  
  • Its alloys are used to make engine parts, drills, saw blade, etc.
  • Lubricant additive made up of Molybdenum disulfide is commonly used in the industry. It is also used as a catalyst.
  
Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry   
Aerospace Industry, Electrical Industry, Electronic Industry   
Medical Uses
Medical Research   
NA   
Other Uses
Alloys   
Alloys   
Biological Properties
  
  
Toxicity
Moderately Toxic   
Toxic   
Present in Human Body
Yes   
Yes   
In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
30
0.00 Blood/mg dm-3   
31
In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.   
14
0.70 p.p.m.   
18
Physical Properties
Melting Point
795.00 °C   
99+
2,617.00 °C   
5
Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C   
23
4,612.00 °C   
9
Appearance
  
  
Physical State
Solid   
Solid   
Color
Silvery White   
Gray   
Luster
Lustrous   
Metallic   
Hardness
  
  
Mohs Hardness
2.50   
14
5.50   
7
Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPa   
99+
1,370.00 MPa   
7
Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPa   
32
1,400.00 MPa   
6
Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/s   
99+
5,400.00 m/s   
6
Optical Properties
  
  
Reflectivity
Not Available   
58.00 %   
15
Allotropes
No   
No   
α Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
β Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
γ Allotropes
Not Available   
Not Available   
Chemical Properties
Chemical Formula
Ce   
Mo   
Isotopes
  
  
Known Isotopes
30   
9
25   
14
Electronegativity
  
  
Pauling Electronegativity
1.12   
99+
2.16   
5
Sanderson Electronegativity
Not Available   
1.15   
19
Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.08   
31
1.30   
24
Allen Electronegativity
Not Available   
2.16   
3
Electropositivity
  
  
Pauling Electropositivity
2.88   
11
1.84   
99+
Ionization Energies
  
  
1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol   
99+
684.30 kJ/mol   
37
2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol   
99+
1,560.00 kJ/mol   
37
3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol   
99+
2,618.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol   
99+
4,480.00 kJ/mol   
26
5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/mol   
22
5,257.00 kJ/mol   
32
6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/mol   
21
6,640.80 kJ/mol   
22
7th Energy level
Not Available   
12,125.00 kJ/mol   
13
8th Energy Level
Not Available   
13,860.00 kJ/mol   
16
9th Energy Level
Not Available   
15,835.00 kJ/mol   
16
10th Energy Level
Not Available   
17,980.00 kJ/mol   
18
11th Energy Level
Not Available   
20,190.00 kJ/mol   
17
12th Energy Level
Not Available   
22,219.00 kJ/mol   
15
13th Energy Level
Not Available   
26,930.00 kJ/mol   
13
14th Energy Level
Not Available   
29,196.00 kJ/mol   
13
15th Energy Level
Not Available   
52,490.00 kJ/mol   
7
16th Energy Level
Not Available   
55,000.00 kJ/mol   
8
17th Energy Level
Not Available   
61,400.00 kJ/mol   
9
18th Energy Level
Not Available   
67,700.00 kJ/mol   
9
19th Energy Level
Not Available   
74,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
20th Energy Level
Not Available   
80,400.00 kJ/mol   
10
21st Energy Level
Not Available   
87,000.00 kJ/mol   
9
22nd Energy Level
Not Available   
93,400.00 kJ/mol   
7
23rd Energy Level
Not Available   
98,420.00 kJ/mol   
6
24th Energy Level
Not Available   
104,400.00 kJ/mol   
2
25th Energy Level
Not Available   
121,900.00 kJ/mol   
1
26th Energy Level
Not Available   
127,700.00 kJ/mol   
1
27th Energy Level
Not Available   
133,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
28th Energy Level
Not Available   
139,800.00 kJ/mol   
1
29th Energy Level
Not Available   
148,100.00 kJ/mol   
1
30th Energy Level
Not Available   
154,500.00 kJ/mol   
1
Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr   
99+
0.89 g/amp-hr   
99+
Electron Work Function
2.84 eV   
39
4.60 eV   
12
Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility   
Atomic Properties
Atomic Number
58   
99+
42   
99+
Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2   
[Kr] 4d5 5s1   
Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)   
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)   
Crystal Lattice
DHCP-Crystal-Structure-of-Cerium.jpg#100   
BCC-Crystal-Structure-.jpg#100   
Atom
  
  
Number of Protons
58   
99+
42   
99+
Number of Neutrons
82   
99+
54   
99+
Number of Electrons
58   
99+
42   
99+
Radius of an Atom
  
  
Atomic Radius
181.80 pm   
12
139.00 pm   
39
Covalent Radius
204.00 pm   
8
154.00 pm   
32
Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm   
17
200.00 pm   
28
Atomic Weight
140.12 amu   
99+
95.95 amu   
99+
Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol   
17
9.40 cm3/mol   
99+
Adjacent Atomic Numbers
  
  
Previous Element
Lanthanum
  
Niobium
  
Next Element
Praseodymium
  
Technetium
  
Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)   
99+
88.60 (-eV)   
13
Lattice Constant
362.00 pm   
34
314.70 pm   
99+
Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3   
π/2, π/2, π/2   
Lattice C/A Ratio
Not Available   
Not Available   
Mechanical Properties
Density
  
  
Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm3   
99+
10.28 g/cm3   
36
Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3   
38
9.33 g/cm3   
20
Tensile Strength
Not Available   
324.00 MPa   
13
Viscosity
Not Available   
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure
  
  
Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)   
34
Not Available   
Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)   
13
0.00 (Pa)   
26
Elasticity properties
  
  
Shear Modulus
13.50 GPa   
99+
126.00 GPa   
8
Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPa   
99+
230.00 GPa   
6
Young's Modulus
33.60 GPa   
99+
329.00 GPa   
6
Poisson Ratio
0.24   
27
0.31   
13
Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable   
Ductile, Weldable   
Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Characteristics
  
  
Specific Gravity
6.77   
99+
10.22   
27
Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic   
Paramagnetic   
Electrical Properties
  
  
Electrical Property
Conductor   
Semiconductor   
Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m   
3
53.40 nΩ·m   
99+
Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω   
99+
0.19 106/cm Ω   
11
Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/mol   
21
71.90 kJ/mol   
14
Thermal Properties
Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)   
32
0.25 J/(kg K)   
21
Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·K   
23
24.06 J/mol·K   
99+
Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K   
99+
138.00 W/m·K   
12
Critical Temperature
Not Available   
Not Available   
Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)   
99+
4.80 µm/(m·K)   
99+
Enthalpy
  
  
Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/mol   
16
594.10 kJ/mol   
8
Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol   
99+
27.61 kJ/mol   
5
Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/mol   
23
653.00 kJ/mol   
7
Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K   
12
28.70 J/mol.K   
99+
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