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Cerium
Cerium

Protactinium
Protactinium



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Cerium vs Protactinium

1 Periodic Table
1.1 Symbol
Ce
Pa
1.2 Group Number
NANA
Gadolinium
0 17
1.3 Period Number
67
Lithium
2 7
1.4 Block
f block
f block
1.5 Element Family
Lanthanide
Actinide
1.6 CAS Number
74404517440133
Aluminium
7429905 54386242
1.7 Space Group Name
P63/mmc
I4/mmm
1.8 Space Group Number
194.00139.00
Plutonium
11 229
2 Facts
2.1 Interesting Facts
  • Cerium is a rare earth metal but still it is not rare at all.
  • It’s non-toxic compound Cerium sulfide has a rich red color and it is used as a pigment.
  • Cerium metal is also used in Flat screen TVs, light bulb, floodlights, etc.
  • Protactinium metal has 29 isotopes.
  • Isotopes of Protactinium-231 used in nuclear weapon.
2.2 Sources
Found in Minerals, Mining, Ores of Minerals
Found in Uranium Ores, Mining, Ores of metals
2.3 History
2.3.1 Who Discovered
Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger
William Crookes
2.3.2 Discovery
In 1803
In 1900
2.4 Abundance
2.4.1 Abundance In Universe
1 * 10-6 %NA
Thallium
5E-09 0.11
2.4.2 Abundance In Sun
~0.0000004 %~-9999 %
Beryllium
1E-08 0.1
2.4.3 Abundance In Meteorites
0.00 %NA
Gold
1.7E-07 22
2.4.4 Abundance In Earth's Crust
0.01 %0.00 %
Radium
9.9E-12 8.1
2.4.5 Abundance In Oceans
0.00 %0.00 %
Tin
2E-23 1.1
2.4.6 Abundance In Humans
NANA
Radium
1E-13 1.4
3 Uses
3.1 Uses & Benefits
  • It is used to include flints for cigarette lighters.
  • Its compound Cerium (Ill) Oxide is used as a catalyst; it is put inside the walls of the oven as it prevents from the buildup of cooking residues.
  • Currently known uses of Protactinium metal are limited to research purpose only.
3.1.1 Industrial Uses
Chemical Industry
NA
3.1.2 Medical Uses
Medical Research
NA
3.1.3 Other Uses
Alloys
NA
3.2 Biological Properties
3.2.1 Toxicity
Moderately Toxic
Highly Toxic
3.2.2 Present in Human Body
3.2.3 In Blood
0.00 Blood/mg dm-30.00 Blood/mg dm-3
Plutonium
0 1970
3.2.4 In Bone
2.70 p.p.m.0.00 p.p.m.
Plutonium
0 170000
4 Physical
4.1 Melting Point
795.00 °C1,568.00 °C
Francium
27 3410
4.2 Boiling Point
3,257.00 °C4,027.00 °C
Flerovium
147 5660
4.3 Appearance
4.3.1 Physical State
Solid
Solid
4.3.2 Color
Silvery White
Silver
4.3.3 Luster
Lustrous
Metallic
4.4 Hardness
4.4.1 Mohs Hardness
2.50NA
Cesium
0.2 8.5
4.4.2 Brinell Hardness
186.00 MPaNA
Cesium
0.14 3490
4.4.3 Vickers Hardness
210.00 MPaNA
Palladium
121 3430
4.5 Speed of Sound
2,100.00 m/sNA
Thallium
818 16200
4.6 Optical Properties
4.6.1 Refractive Index
NANA
Mercury
1.000933 1.7229
4.6.2 Reflectivity
NANA
Molybdenum
58 97
4.7 Allotropes
4.7.1 α Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.2 β Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
4.7.3 γ Allotropes
Not Available
Not Available
5 Chemical
5.1 Chemical Formula
Ce
Pa
5.2 Isotopes
5.2.1 Known Isotopes
3027
Tennessine
0 38
5.3 Electronegativity
5.3.1 Pauling Electronegativity
1.121.50
Francium
0.7 2.54
5.3.2 Sanderson Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.22 2.56
5.3.3 Allred Rochow Electronegativity
1.081.14
Cesium
0.86 1.82
5.3.4 Mulliken-Jaffe Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.62 2.48
5.3.5 Allen Electronegativity
NANA
Cesium
0.659 2.7
5.4 Electropositivity
5.4.1 Pauling Electropositivity
2.882.50
Gold
1.46 3.3
5.5 Ionization Energies
5.5.1 1st Energy Level
534.40 kJ/mol568.00 kJ/mol
Cesium
375.7 26130
5.5.2 2nd Energy Level
1,050.00 kJ/mol1,128.00 kJ/mol
Ruthenium
710.2162 28750
5.5.3 3rd Energy Level
1,949.00 kJ/mol1,814.00 kJ/mol
Osmium
1600 34230
5.5.4 4th Energy Level
3,547.00 kJ/mol2,991.00 kJ/mol
Thorium
2780 37066
5.5.5 5th Energy Level
6,325.00 kJ/molNA
Dubnium
4305.2 97510
5.5.6 6th Energy Level
7,490.00 kJ/molNA
Seaborgium
5715.8 105800
5.5.7 7th Energy level
NANA
Bohrium
7226.8 114300
5.5.8 8th Energy Level
NANA
Hassium
8857.4 125300
5.5.9 9th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
14110 134700
5.5.10 10th Energy Level
NANA
Strontium
17100 144300
5.5.11 11th Energy Level
NANA
Yttrium
19900 169988
5.5.12 12th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
22219 189368
5.5.13 13th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
26930 76015
5.5.14 14th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
29196 86450
5.5.15 15th Energy Level
NANA
Manganese
41987 97510
5.5.16 16th Energy Level
NANA
Iron
47206 109480
5.5.17 17th Energy Level
NANA
Cobalt
52737 122200
5.5.18 18th Energy Level
NANA
Nickel
58570 134810
5.5.19 19th Energy Level
NANA
Copper
64702 148700
5.5.20 20th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
80400 171200
5.5.21 21st Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
87000 179100
5.5.22 22nd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
93400 184900
5.5.23 23rd Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
98420 198800
5.5.24 24th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
104400 195200
5.5.25 25th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
121900 121900
5.5.26 26th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
127700 127700
5.5.27 27th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
133800 133800
5.5.28 28th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
139800 139800
5.5.29 29th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
148100 148100
5.5.30 30th Energy Level
NANA
Molybdenum
154500 154500
5.6 Electrochemical Equivalent
1.74 g/amp-hr1.72 g/amp-hr
Beryllium
0.16812 8.3209
5.7 Electron Work Function
2.84 eVNA
Cesium
2.14 5.65
5.8 Other Chemical Properties
Chemical Stability, Anti Corrosion, Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Solubility
Ionization, Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactivity
6 Atomic
6.1 Atomic Number
5891
Lithium
3 117
6.2 Electron Configuration
[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
6.3 Crystal Structure
Double Hexagonal Close Packed (DHCP)
Tetragonal (TETR)
6.3.1 Crystal Lattice
6.4 Atom
6.4.1 Number of Protons
5891
Lithium
3 117
6.4.2 Number of Neutrons
82122
Lithium
4 184
6.4.3 Number of Electrons
5891
Lithium
3 117
6.5 Radius of an Atom
6.5.1 Atomic Radius
181.80 pm163.00 pm
Beryllium
112 265
6.5.2 Covalent Radius
204.00 pm200.00 pm
Beryllium
96 260
6.5.3 Van der Waals Radius
235.00 pm243.00 pm
Zinc
139 348
6.6 Atomic Weight
140.12 amu231.04 amu
Lithium
6.94 294
6.7 Atomic Volume
20.67 cm3/mol15.00 cm3/mol
Manganese
1.39 71.07
6.8 Adjacent Atomic Numbers
6.8.1 Previous Element
6.8.2 Next Element
6.9 Valence Electron Potential
41.78 (-eV)92.00 (-eV)
Francium
8 392.42
6.10 Lattice Constant
362.00 pm392.50 pm
Beryllium
228.58 891.25
6.11 Lattice Angles
π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
π/2, π/2, π/2
6.12 Lattice C/A Ratio
NANA
Beryllium
1.567 1.886
7 Mechanical
7.1 Density
7.1.1 Density At Room Temperature
6.77 g/cm315.37 g/cm3
Lithium
0.534 40.7
7.1.2 Density When Liquid (at m.p.)
6.55 g/cm3NA
Lithium
0.512 20
7.2 Tensile Strength
NANA
Indium
2.5 11000
7.3 Viscosity
NANA
Mercury
0.001526 0.001526
7.4 Vapor Pressure
7.4.1 Vapor Pressure at 1000 K
0.00 (Pa)NA
Palladium
2.47E-11 121
7.4.2 Vapor Pressure at 2000 K
1.04 (Pa)NA
Tungsten
2.62E-10 774
7.5 Elasticity properties
7.5.1 Shear Modulus
13.50 GPaNA
Potassium
1.3 222
7.5.2 Bulk Modulus
21.50 GPaNA
Cesium
1.6 462
7.5.3 Young's Modulus
33.60 GPaNA
Cesium
1.7 528
7.6 Poisson Ratio
0.24NA
Beryllium
0.032 0.47
7.7 Other Mechanical Properties
Ductile, Malleable
Unknown
8 Magnetic
8.1 Magnetic Characteristics
8.1.1 Specific Gravity
6.7715.37
Lithium
0.53 4500
8.1.2 Magnetic Ordering
Paramagnetic
Paramagnetic
8.1.3 Permeability
NANA
Bismuth
1.25643E-06 0.0063
8.1.4 Susceptibility
NANA
Bismuth
-0.000166 200000
8.2 Electrical Properties
8.2.1 Electrical Property
Conductor
Conductor
8.2.2 Resistivity
828.00 nΩ·m177.00 nΩ·m
Thallium
0.18 961
8.2.3 Electrical Conductivity
0.01 106/cm Ω0.05 106/cm Ω
Plutonium
0.00666 0.63
8.2.4 Electron Affinity
50.00 kJ/molNA
Mercury
0 222.8
9 Thermal
9.1 Specific Heat
0.19 J/(kg K)0.12 J/(kg K)
Americium
0.11 3.6
9.2 Molar Heat Capacity
26.94 J/mol·KNA
Beryllium
16.443 62.7
9.3 Thermal Conductivity
11.30 W/m·K47.00 W/m·K
Neptunium
6.3 429
9.4 Critical Temperature
NANA
Ytterbium
26.3 3223
9.5 Thermal Expansion
6.30 µm/(m·K)9.90 µm/(m·K)
Tungsten
4.5 97
9.6 Enthalpy
9.6.1 Enthalpy of Vaporization
414.00 kJ/molNA
Zinc
7.32 799.1
9.6.2 Enthalpy of Fusion
5.46 kJ/mol12.34 kJ/mol
Cesium
2.1 35.23
9.6.3 Enthalpy of Atomization
381.00 kJ/molNA
Mercury
61.5 837
9.7 Standard Molar Entropy
72.00 J/mol.K198.10 J/mol.K
Beryllium
9.5 198.1